V^icalSe?^ 


BR    149    .H8    1886 

Hurst,    J.    F.     1834-1903. 

Outline    of    church   history 


OUTLINE 


OP 


CHURCH  HISTORY, 


BY  JOHN   F.  HURST,  D.D. 


REVISED   EDITION. 


FEW  YORK: 
PHILLIPS    &    HUNT, 

CIN-CINNATI: 
CRANSTON  c&   ST  OWE, 


fintered  •ccording  to  Act  of  Congress,  in  tbe  year  1876,  by 

NELSON    &    PHILLIPS, 
ia  the  <^oe  of  the  Librarian  of  Congress  at  Washlui^ton. 


PREFACE  TO  THE  NEW  EDITION. 


In  the  present  edition  of  the  Outline  of  Church  His- 
tory, an  effort  has  been  made  to  adapt  it  more  fully  to 
the  needs  of  the  student,  of  the  teacher,  and  of  the  gen- 
eral reader,  than  were  the  former  editions  of  the  work. 
Some  departments  have  been  thoroughly  changed. 
Dates,  so  far  as  they  can  be  definitely  or  approximately 
known,  have  been  assigned  t.o  the  tables  of  the  Church 
Fathers.  The  chapter  in  the  first  edition  treating  of  the 
latest  history  of  the  Church  has  been  canceled,  and 
another,  bringing  down  the  history  to  the  present  year, 
has  been  substituted  for  it.  The  Survey  of  Missions 
has  been  entirely  re-written,  giving  the  latest  progress 
in  the  foreign  mission  fields  of  the  Church.  An  Index, 
which  was  not  thought  necessary  in  the  first  issue  of  the 
work,  has  been  found,  by  the  use  of  the  volume,  to  be  a 
real  want,  and  has  been  supplied  in  the  new  edition. 

The  first  summary  which  we  give  below,  the  General 
Periods  of  Church  History,  should  be  carefully  commit- 
ted to  memory,  to  serve  as  a  framework  for  the  entire 
structure  of  Church  History.  The  student  will  then 
have  in  mind  a  general  survey  of  all  the  periods,  in  his- 
torical order,  with  exact  dates  defining  the  general  di- 
visions. This  synopsis  is  then  to  be  elaborated  by  the 
use  of  the  second  summary,  or  Topical  Table ;  and  this, 


4  Preface  to  the  New  Edition. 

again,  by  the  body  of  the  work ;  and  still  further  by 
the  use  of  the  best  standards  of  Church  History,  such 
as  Neander,  Robertson,  Gieseler,  Schaff,  Milman,  and 
Mosheim,  (last  edition,  London,  1863.)  Instead  of  giv- 
ing questions,  we  prefer  to  leave  them  to  be  suggested 
by  the  wisdom  and  care  of  the  teacher,  and  by  the 
diligence  of  the  student.  Nothing  but  constant  repeti- 
tion can  fix  the  general  facts  of  ecclesiastical  history  in 
the  memory,  and  make  them  available  for  future  service. 
We  earnestly  advise  the  invariable  use  of  maps  in  con- 
nection with  the  History.  It  is  one  of  the  forms  of 
object-teaching  which  never  fails  to  produce  the  most 
gratifying  results.  The  maps  which  we  have  given 
should  be  kept  before  the  eye  as  much  as  may  be.  The 
student  should  draw  on  paper  or  the  blackboard  his 
own  maps,  descriptive  of  countries,  of  scenes  of  the- 
ological controversies,  of  the  progress  of  evangelization, 
and  of  all  great  religious  movements.  In  drawing  a 
map,  one  should  begin  with  a  mere  outline,  and  then  fill 
up  with  all  the  important  topographical  features  of  the 
land.  This  will  be  an  invaluable  aid,  both  in  accuracy 
and  interest,  to  the  study  of  all  the  ecclesiastical  periods. 
To  him  who  does  it,  it  will  be  of  more  service  than  his 
possession  of  the  masterly  productions  of  Keith  John- 
son, Petermann,  Spruner,  Wiltzsch,  Menke,  and,  indeed, 
of  all  the  diagrams,  plans,  and  maps  produced  by  the 
world's  masters  in  cartography.  One  learns  most,  after 
all,  by  what  he  does  himself. 

Drew  Theoloqical  Seminary, 

Madison,  N.  J.,  May  15,  1879. 


I. 

GENERAL   PERIODS    OP  CHURCH    HISTORY. 

I.    THE  ANCIENT  PERIOD. 

A.  0.30-750.       . 

Ghaptek  I. — Founding  of  the  Church,  and  History  of  the  Apostolic 
Period,  to  Death  of  Apostle  John.    A.  D.  30-101..  .Pages  11-13 

Chapter  II. — State  of  the  Church  during  the  Apostolic  Period. 
A.  D.  30-101 13-16 

Chapter  III. — ^From  the  Close  of  the  Apostolic  Period  to  the  End  of 
the  Reign  of  the  Antonines.    A.  D.  101-180 16-22 

Chapter  IV. — Period  of  the  Growth  of  the  Persecuted  Church,  from 
the  Emperor  Commodua  to  Constantino's  Edict  of  Toleration. 
A.  D.  180-313 22-28 

Chapter  V. — The  Church  united  with  the  State  —  From  Constan- 
tino's Edict  of  Toleration  to  the  Age  of  Leo  the  Great  A.  D. 
313-440 28-31 

Chapter  YI. — Age  of  Leo  the  Great — Supremacy  of  the  Boman 
Church  in  the  West — Continuance  of  Controversies — Mohammed- 
anism.   A.  D.  440-590 31-34 

Chapter  VII. — ^The  Age  of  Gregory  the  Great  —  Conflicts  between 
the  Church  in  the  East  and  West — Decline  of  the  Eastern  Church. 
A.  D.  590-750 34-39 

XL  THE  MBDIiEYAL  PERIOD. 

A.  D.  750-1517. 

Chapter  L — Beginning,  Progress,  and  Characteristics  of  the  Dark 
Ages — Conflicts  between  the  Papacy  and  the  Empire — ^Hilde- 

brand.    A.  D.  150-1198 39-42 

Chapter  n.— The  Crusades.    A.  D.  1096-1272 43>44 

Chapter  HI. — Reformatory  Movements.    A.  D.  1170-1457. .    45-47 


6-  Outline  History  of  the  Church. 

Chaptee  IY. — Latter  Period  of  the  Dark  Ages— The  Age  of  Inno- 
cent and  the  Councils — Dawn  of  Reform  in  the  Church.  A.  D 
1198-1611 Pages  47-4» 

IIL  THE  MODERN  PERIOD. 

A.  D.  1517-1880. 

Chapter  L — ^The  Reformation — Wars  of  the  Papacy  and  Prot- 
estantism— From  Luther  to  the  Peace  of  "Westphalia.  A.D. 
151 7-1648 49-58 

Chapter  II. — From  the  Peace  of  Westphalia  to  the  Wesleyan  Re- 
vival— The  Period  of  Religious  Indifference  and  Awakening. 
A.  D.  1648-1139 58-61 

Chapter  III. — Skepticism  and  Reaction  —  The  European  Church 
from  the  Wesleyan  Revival  to  the  Present  Time.  A.  D. 
1739-1880 61-69 

Chapter  IY. — The  Church  in  the  United  States — Christianity  in  Con- 
nection with  Republican  Institutions.    A.  D.  1607-1880 . . .  70-75 

Chapter  Y. — Most  Recent  Events  in  the  History  of  the  Church. 
A.  D.  1880 75-80 

Chapter  YL— General  Survey  of  Missions.  A.  D.  1880 80-96 

Chapter  YIL—Religious  Statistics  of  the  World.  A.  D.  1880. .  96-101 


II. 

TOPICAL  TABLE  OF  CHURCH  HISTORY. 

L  THE  ANCIENT  PERIOD. 

A.  D.  30-7SO. 

Chapter  L — ^Founding  of  the  Church,  and  History  of  the  Apostolic 
Period,  to  Death  of  Apostle  John.  B.  C.  30-101.— 1.  The  Church 
— ^Definition,  Spiritual  Endowment,  Organization,  and  First  Per- 
secution ;  2.  Missionary  Journeys  of  Paul 11-13 

Otapter  n. — State  of  the  Church  during  the  Apostolic  Period. 
A.  D.  30-101. — 1.  Christian  Life  and  Worship;  2.  Propagation 


Outline  History  of  the  Church.  7 

of  the  Gospel ;  3.  Controversies ;  4.  Heretical  Sects ;  5.  Apolo- 
gies— Table  of  Apologists Pages  13-16 

Chapter  III.— From  the  Close  of  the  Apostolic  Period  to  the  End  of 
the  Reign  of  the  Antonines.  A.  D.  101-180.— 1.  Growth  of  the 
Church  and  Persecution  of  Christians  ;  2.  The  Collection  of  the 
Canon;  3.  Milder  Measures — Renewal  of  Hostility;  4.  Yisita- 
tion  of  Martyrs*  Graves — Intercommunion 16-22 

Chapter  IV. — Period  of  the  Growth  of  the  Persecuted  Church,  from 
the  Emperor  Commodus  to  Constantine's  Edict  of  Toleration. 
A.  D.  180-313. — 1.  Christianity  and  Saganism  in  Final  Conflict; 

2.  Interpretation  of  the  Scriptures — Theological  Instruction; 

3.  The  Decian  Persecution;  4.  Rise  of  Monasticism;  5.  The  Sa- 
bellians;  6.  The  Lapsed.  I.  Table  of  Persecutions  and  Intervals 
of  Peace.  II,  Church  Fathers,  to  the  Council  of  Nice.  III.  Her- 
esies and  Sects  of  the  First  Three  Centuries 22-28 

Chapter  V. — The  Church  United  with  the  State— From  Constantino's 
Edict  of  Toleration  to  the  Age  of  Leo  the  Great.  A.  D.  313-440. 
— 1.  Toleration  of  Christianity;  2.  Rise  of  Arianism;  3.  The 
Nicene  Council;  4.  Spread  of  Christianity — The  Empire  and 
Christianity;  6.  Monasticism;  7.  Julian  and  Jovian;  8.  Arianism 
— ^the  Roman  See;  9.  Religious  Life ;  10.  Creeds;  11.  Pelagian- 
ism— Abuses 28-31 

Chapter  VI. — ^Age  of  Leo  the  Great — Supremacy  of  the  Roman 
Church  in  the  "West — Continuance  of  Controversies — Moham- 
medanism. A.  D.  440-590. — 1.  Leo  the  Great — Controversy  on 
the  Nature  of  Christ;  2.  Capture  of  Rome;  3.  Downfall  of  the 
Western  Roman  Empire;  4.  Eastern  Empire — The  Franks; 
5.  Clerical  Celibacy  —  Councils ;  6.  Mohammedanism ;  Roman 
Emperors 31-34 

Chapter  VII. — ^The  Age  of  Gregory  the  Great — Conflicts  between 
the  Church  in  the  East  and  "West — Decline  of  the  Eastern  Church. 
A.  D.  590-750. — 1.  Gregory  the  Great;  2.  Monothelite  Contro- 
▼ersy;  3.  Spread  of  the  Gospel 34r-39 


8  Outline  History  of  the  Church. 

XL  THE  MEDIEVAL  PERIOD. 

A.  D.  790-1517. 

Chapteb  I.— Beginning,  Progres3,  and  Characteristics  of  the  Dark 
Ages — Conflicts  between  tlie  Papacy  and  the  Empire— Hilde- 
brand.  A.  D.  750-1198.— I.  The  Middle  Ages ;  2.  Pepin;  3.  Reign 
of  Charlemagne;  4.  Controversies;  5.  Alfred  the  Great;  6.Ruric 
— Schism  between  East  and  West ;  7.  Spread  of  the  Gospel — Cor- 
ruptions ;  8.  Papal  Pretensions ;  9.  Norman  Conquest ;  1 0.  Hilde- 
brand ;  11.  Henry  IV. ;  12.  Wealth  of  the  Church . .  .Pages  39-42 

Chapter  H.— The  Crusades.  A.  D.  1096-1272.-1.  Cause  of  the  Cru- 
sades ;  2.  Order  of  Crusades ;  3.  Benefits  of  the  Crusades . .  43,  44 

Chapter  III. — Reformatory  Movements.  A.  D.  1170-1457. — 1.  Ar- 
nold of  Brescia :  2.  The  Waldenses;  3.  The  Cathari  and  Albi- 
gcnses ;  4.  Wicklif  and  the  First  English  Reformers;  5.  Huss  and 
his  Followers ;  6.  Moravian  Brethren ;  7.  The  Mystics ;  8.  Savo- 
narola and  his  Politico-Religious  Reform 45-47 

Chapter  IY. — Latter  Period  of  the  Dark  Ages— The  Age  of  Inno- 
cent and  the  Councils — Dawn  of  Reform  in  the  Church.  A.  D. 
1198-1517. — 1.  Mendicant  Orders ;  2.  Beginning  of  the  Inquisi- 
tion ;  3.  Scholasticism ;  4.  Thomists  and  Scotists ;  5.  Climax  of 
the  Papacy — Schism;  6.  Councils. 47-49 

m.  THE  MODERN  PERIOD. 

A.D.  1517-1875. 

Chapter  I. — ^The  Reformation — ^Wars  of  the  Papacy  and  Protestant- 
ism— From  Luther  to  the  Peace  of  Westphalia.  A.  D.  1517- 
1648. — 1.  The  Reformation — Causes — ^Luther;  2.  German  Re- 
formers ;  3.  Swiss  Reformers ;  4.  Extension  of  the  Reformation ; 
6.  Order  of  Jesuits ;  6.  The  English  Reformation ;  7.  English  Re- 
formers; 8.  The  Puritans ;  9.  Arminius — Synod  of  Dort;  lO.Per- 
eecution  of  the  Huguenots ;  11.  Self-Defense  of  Rome ;  12.  Thirty 
Tears'  War 49-58 

Chapter  II. — From  the  Peace  of  Westphalia  to  the  Wesleyan  Reviv- 
al— The  Period  of  Religious  Indifference  and  Awakening.   A.  D. 


Outline  History  of  the  Church.  9 

1648-1139. — 1.  Pietism;  2.  English  Deism;  3.  Replies  to  the 
Deists ;  4.  Swedenborgianism ;  5.  Missions  to  Foreign  Countries ; 

6.  Moravianisra  ;  *l.  Wesley  and  English  Methodism 58-61 

Chapter  III. — Skepticism  and  Reaction — The  European  Churcli  from 

the  "Wesleyan  Revival  to  the  Present  Time.  A.  D.  1739-1880.— 
1.  German  Rationalism ;  2.  Replies  to  the  Rationalists ;  3.  State 
Church  of  Prussia ;  4.  The  Irvingites ;  5.  The  Tractarian  Move- 
ment; 6.  Evangelical  Alliance ;  7.  Later  History  of  Roman  Cath- 
olicism; 8.  The  Old  Catholics;  9.  Franco-German  War...  61-69 
Chapteb  IV. — The  Church  in  the  United  States — Christianity  in 
Connection  with  Republican  Institutions.  A.  D.  1607-1880. — 
1.  Religious  Character  of  American  Colonization;  2.  Periods  of 
American  Church  History ;  3.  The  Virginia  Colony — Protestant 
Episcopal  Church;  4.  Reformed  Episcopal  Church;  5.  The  Puri- 
tans   in  America — Congregationalism;    6.   Reformed  Church* 

7.  The  Baptists ;  8.  Grerraan  Reformed  Church ;  9.  The  Lutheran 
Church;  10.  The  Presbyterians;  11.  The  Methodists  in  Amer- 
ica— General  Summary  of  Methodists  in  1874;  12.  Roman  Cath- 
olics   70-75 

Chapter  V. — More  recent  Events  in  the  History  of  the  Church.  A.  D. 
1880. — 1.  Union  and  Fraternity;  2.  Roman  Catholicism;  3.  Ritu- 
alism; 4.  Premillennial  Coming  of  Christ;  5.  Church  Trials;  6.  Sun- 
day-School Instruction ;  7.  Bible  Revision  ;  8.  Revivals ;  9.  At- 
tacks on  and  Defense  of  Evangelical  Truth ;  10.  Present  Condi- 
lion  and  Outlook  of  the  Protestant  Church  in  America 75-80 

Chapter  VI.— General  Survey  of  Missions.  A.  D.  1880.— 1.  Early 
Protestant  Missions ;  2.  Great  Societies ;  3.  Zeal  for  Missions ; 
4.  Results;  5.  Missions  in  Asia;  6.  Christians  in  Turkey;  7.  Af- 
rican Missions ;  8.  Europe  and  America ;  9.  Missions  to  Jews ; 
10.  Statistics ;  11.  Missionary  Literature 80-96 

Chapter  VIL— Religious  Statistics  of  the  World.  A.  D.  1880.— L  Gen- 
eral Creeds ;  II.  General  Statistics  of  Christianity ;  III.  Special 
Statistics — America ;  Europe ;  Asia ;  Africa ;  Australia.  IV.  De- 
nominational Statistics  of  the  United  States 96  101 


MAPS. 


BovAK  Empire,  at  the  Founding  op  the  Church.    A.  D. 

1-101 17-20 

Edeope,  at  the  Time  op  Charlemagne.    A. D.  771-814...  35-38 

Europe,  at  the  Time  op  the  Beformation.    A.D.  1517...  51-54 

Europe,  at  the  Present  Time.     A.  D.  1875 63-66 

Turkey.    A.  D.  1875 85-88 

India.    A.D.  1875 89-90 

China  AND  Japan.    A.D.  1875 91-92 

South  Apbioa.    A.D.  1876 95 


OUTLINE  HISTORY  OF  THE  CHURCH. 


PART    I. 

THE    ANCIENT    PERIOD. 
A.  D.  30-760. 


CHAPTER   I. 


POUlTDrNQ  OP  THE   CHURCH,    AND   HISTORY  OP  THE   APOSTOLIC 

PERIOD,    TO  THE  DEATH  OP  THE  APOSTLE  JOHN. 

A.  D.  30-101. 

1.  The  Church:— Definition,  Spiritual  Endowment,  Or- 
ganization, and  First  Persecution.— The  Christian  Church 
is  that  body  of  believers  who  have  been  baptized  in  the 
name  of  Christ,  who  fully  accept  his  doctrines,  and  who  strive 
in  good  faith  to  live  in  harmony  with  them.  The  history 
of  the  Church  is  the  record  of  the  career  of  God's  people, 
who  have  been  in  the  main  progressive,  notwithstanding 
occasional  unfaithfulness,  abnormal  developments,  and  the 
opposition  of  enemies.  The  Church,  in  its  broadest  sense, 
consists  of  true  believers  of  all  ages ;  but  the  Christian  Church 
was  established  by  Christ  himself,  and  consists  only  of  his 
followers. 

Descent  of  the  Holy  Spirit  at  Pentecost ;  conversion  a.  d. 
of  3,000  souls;  daily  increase  of  membership;  the  30, 
numbers  soon  became  5,000;  the  Gospel,  however,  confined 
to  Jerusalem.  Great  persecution  at  Jerusalem ;  death  of  Ste- 
phen, the  first  martyr ;  dispersion  of  the  disciples  throughout 
Judea,  Samaria,  Phoenicia,  Cyprus,  and  Syria. 

Conversion  of  Saul  of  Tarsus  on  his  way  to  persecute  a.  d. 
the  Christians  in  Damascus.     Residence  of  three  years    37, 
in  Arabia ;  long  intervals  probably  passed  in  Damascus.    Con- 


12         Outline  History  of  the  Church. 

secration  of  Barnabas  and  Paul  by  the  Holy  Ghost  to  be  apoa- 
ties  to  the  Gentiles,  or  the  nations. 

2.  Missionary  Journeys  of  Paul.— (1.)  First  Missionary 
Journey  op  Paul. — He  visited  Seleucia^  Island  of  Cyprus, 

A.  D.  Perga,  Antioch  in  Asia  Minor,  Iconium,  Lystra, 
45-46.  Derbe,  and  returaed  to  Antioch  in  Syria  by  way 
of  Lystra,  Iconium,  Antioch  in  Asia  Minor,  Perga,  Attalia. 
He  then  attended  the  assembly  at  Jerusalem. 

A.  D.  (3.)  Second  Missionary  Journey  op  Paul. — He 
49-53.  went  through  Syria,  Cilicia,  Phrygia^  and  Galatia. 
In  obedience  to  a  Divine  call,  when  at  Alexandria  Troas,  he 
crossed  the  JEgean  Sea  to  Neapolis,  whence  he  proceeded  at 
once  to  Philippi.  He  here  met  with  his  first  success  on  the 
continent  of  Europe.  Conversion  of  Lydia.  Paul  then  went 
through  Amphipolis  and  Apollonia  to  Thessalonica,  Berea^ 
and  Athens.  He  preached  on  Mars'  Hill,  and  then  went  to 
Corinth,  where  he  remained  eighteen  months.  He  afterward 
proceeded  to  Ephesus,  and  returned  to  Jerusalem  by  way  of 
Caesarea. 

A.  D.  (3.)  Third  Missionary  Journey  op  PAtn.. — He 
54-5 §•  visited  the  Churches  in  Galatia,  Phrygia,  and  Ephe- 
sus, and  journeyed  through  Macedonia  and  lUyricum.  He 
then  went  by  way  of  Assos,  Mitylene,  Chios,  Samos,  Trogyl- 
lium,  Miletus,  Coos,  Rhodes,  Patara,  Cyprus,  Tyre,  Ptole- 
mais,  and  Caesarea  to  Jerusalem.  This  was  his  fifth  visit  to 
Jerusalem. 

Arrest  in  the  temple,  and  appeal  to  Caesar. 

A.  D.  Imprisonment  in  Caesarea. 
58-60.  Paul  taken  on  board  a  ship  bound  for  Rome,  in  the 
custody  of  a  centurion.  The  vessel  to  which  he  was  trans- 
ferred at  Myra  was  wrecked  at  Malta,  where  he  remained 
three  months.  He  afterward  set  sail  again,  and  landed  at 
Puteoli,  from  which  place  he  proceeded  on  foot  toward  Rome. 

A.  D.  Paul  remained  a  prisoner  in  Rome  two  years,  after 
61-63.  which  he  was  liberated.  He  then  visited  Crete, 
Macedonia,  Corinth,  Nicopolis,  and  Dalmatia;  was  arrested 
in  Asia,  and  again  brought  to  Rome  a  prisoner. 
A.  D.  Burning  of  the  city  of  Rome  by  the  Emperor  Nero. 
64,     Commencement  of  the  first  persecution  of  Christians 


Outline  History  of  the  Church.        13 

by  Nero ;  it  lasted  four  years,  and  probably  extended  to  the 
provinces. 

A  popular  rumor  charged  Nero  with  the  burning  of  Eome,  in  order  that  ho 
might  rebuild  it  with  greater  magnificence.  To  repress  the  current  rumor, 
the  historian  Tacitus  declares  that  Nero  took  measures  to  have  the  Christians 
accused  of  the  crime.  He  persecuted  them  witli  fearful  violence.  Many  were 
crucified ;  many  were  clothed  in  skins  of  wild  beasts,  that  they  might  be  torn  to 
pieces  by  dogs;  otliers,  besmeared  with  combustible  materials,  were  set  up 
in  Nero's  garden  and  burned,  to  give  light  for  the  chariot  races,  in  which  the 
emperor  took  an  active  part  us  a  common  charioteer.  Seneca,  the  last  of  the 
Stoic  philosophers,  in  one  of  his  epistles,  describes  the  persecution  thus:  "Im- 
agine here  a  prison,  crosses,  and  racks,  and  the  hook,  and  a  stake  thrust  through 
the  body  and  coming  out  at  the  mouth,  and  the  limbs  torn  by  chariots  pulling 
adverse  ways,  and  that  coat  besmeared  and  interwoven  with  inflammable  ma- 
terials, nutriment  for  fire,  and  whatever  else  in  addition  to  these  that  cruelty 
has  invented.'"— Epistle  14. 

Beginning  of  the  Jewish  war,  when  the  Christians  in    a.  d. 
Jerusalem  withdrew  to  Pella.     Destruction  of  Jerusa-    66, 
salem  under  Titus;  1,100,000  Jews  slain,  and  90,000     a.  d. 
sold  into  captivity.  TO, 

The  Persecution  under  Domitian.     Banishment  of      A.  D. 
John  the  Evangelist  to  Patmos,  where  he  wrote  the     95-96, 
Apocalypse.     About  this  year  John  wrote  his  Gospel,    a.  d. 
thus  completing  the  scriptural  canon.    Death  of  John.   101, 


CHAPTER    XL 


state  op  the   church  during   the   AP08T0WC  PERIOD. 
A.  D.  30-101. 

1.  Christian  Life  and  Worship,— There  were  frequent 
assemblies  of  Christians,  both  by  day  and  night.  Property 
was  held  in  common.  There  was  great  simplicity  A.  d. 
of  worship,  and  the  Lord's  Supper  was  adminis-  30-101, 
tered  at  the  close  of  the  service.  AgapcB,  or  feasts  of  love, 
were  celebrated  at  all  the  meetings.  The  Scriptures  were 
read  and  expounded,  and  psalms  and  hymns  sung.  There 
being  no  churches,  the  private  houses  were  the  places  ol 
meeting.  Each  flock  had  its  pastor  and  deacon.  The  first 
day  of  the  week  was  regarded  as  holy,  in  remembrance  of 
the  resurrection ;  the  Jewish  Sabbath  still  observed,  but  not 
universally.  Fasts  occurred  on  Wednesdays  and  Fridays 
every  week,   and  annually  before  the  paschal  festival ;  dura- 


i4         Outline  History  of  the  Church. 

tion  of  fasts  and  mode  of  observing  them  varied  in  different 
places. 

2.  Propagation  of  the  Gospel. — There  was  remarkable  zeal 
in  the  dissemination  of  Christian  truth.  The  example  was  set 
by  the  apostles  themselves,  but  each  Christian  considered  it 
his  duty  to  desseminate  the  knowledge  of  Christianity  when- 
ever possible.  The  entire  Church  communicated  the  Gospel. 
The  principal  Churches  were  at  Jerusalem,  Antioch,  Rome,  anvl 
Alexandria.  But  there  were  also  vigorous  societies  at  Ephe- 
sus,  Colosse,  Laodicea,  Thessalonica,  Pliilippi,  Corinth, 
Smyrna,  Sardis,  and  on  the  island  of  Crete.  The  Gospel  was 
confined  to  the  middle  and  lower  classes.  The  great  commerce 
in  the  Medilerranean,  and  the  fine  military  roads  throughout 
the  Roman  Empire,  were  very  favorable  to  the  extension  of 
Christianity  and  the  intercommunion  of  Christians.  Letters, 
sometimes  personal,  but  often  circular,  were  largely  made 
use  of,  and  were  of  great  influence  in  strengthening  and  unit- 
ing the  societies  needing  special  care.  Copies  of  the  Script- 
ures were  circulated  as  widely  as  was  possible  in  an  age 
prior  to  the  invention  of  the  art  of  printing. 

3.  Controversies.— From  frequent  allusions,  even  in  Paul's 
Epistles,  we  learn  that  the  early  Church,  during  the  period 
of  its  greatest  simplicity  and  purity,  was  not  without  disturb- 
ing members.  Judaizing  teachers,  or  "  false  apostles,"  were 
the  authors  of  the  first  controversies.  Antioch  was  the  scene 
of  the  earliest  disturbance,  but  dissension  was  produced  in 
other  sections  notwithstanding  Paul's  explicit  declarations 
and  the  decision  of  the  Council  at  Jerusalem.  Chief  subjects 
of  debate:  Necessity  of  imposing  the  Mosaic  Law  upon  the 
new  converts  from  heathenism;  doctrine  of  justification; 
covenant  of  Abraham;  use  of  meats  offered  to  idols;  apostle- 
ship  of  Paul. 

4.  Heretical  Sects.— Even  during  the  first  century  of  tlic 
Christian  Church  there  were  certain  sects  who  strove  to  ac- 
commodate Christianity  to  Oriental  and  Pagan  philosophy. 
These  continued  in  force  about  two  centuries,  and  proved 
a  great  tnal  to  the  primitive  Church.  The  most  important 
of  them  were  the  Gnostics.  Gnosticisra  was  a  combination 
of  Oriental  and  Platonic  philosophy  with   Judaism,  together 


Outline  History  of  the  Church.         15 

with  some  Christian  elements.  Christ  was  not  accepted  as 
divine,  but  only  as  an  emanation  of  Deity,  This  heresy, 
though  it  arose  some  time  before  John's  death,  did  not  cul- 
minate until  much  later.  Saturninus,  one  of  the  leading 
Gnostics,  held  that  creation  was  accomplished  by  seven 
angels ;  that  the  Saviour  was  man  in  appearance  only ;  that 
celibacy  and  asceticism  are  obligatory;  and  that  the  Old 
Testament  is  of  minor  value.  Basilides  claimed  that  the 
world  was  created  by  an  order  of  angels;  that  there  are  two 
souls  in  man ;  that  Christ's  soul  did  not  suffer,  only  his  body, 
the  outward  man;  and  that  the  Old  Testament  should  be 
rejected.  Carpocrates  and  his  son  Epiphunes  maintained  that 
there  is  no  difference  between  right  and  wrong ;  and  that  Jesus 
elevated  himself  to  purity,  not  that  he  was  pure  originally. 

Valentinus  went  from  Alexandria  to  Rome,  and  founded  a 
Judaico-Gnostic  school  or  sect.  He  held  that  God  is  a  com- 
pound being ;  Jesus  was  a  man,  on  whom  Christ  descende4 ; 
the  Holy  Ghost  is  a  divine  attribute ;  and  there  is  no  resurrec- 
tion. Cerdon  taught  that  there  are  two  principles  and  two 
Gods — one  good  and  unknown,  the  father  of  Jesus,  the  other 
the  creator,  evil  and  known ;  Jesus  was  not  born  of  Mary, 
and  was  flesh  in  appearance  only;  the  Old  Testament  and 
resurrection  should  be  rejected.  Marcion  believed  in  two 
eternal  principles — the  one  God,  good  and  spiritual,  the  other 
material  and  evil.  The  Ophites  were  an  an ti- Jewish  Gnostic 
sect,  without  admixture  of  Christian  doctrine.  They  continued 
to  the  sixth  century. 

There  were  various  sects  in  addition  to  the  Gnostics.  The 
chief  Judaizing  sects  were  the  Nazarenes,  Nicolaitans,  Ebion- 
ites,  and  Cerinthians.  The  Montanists,  from  Montanus,  who 
believed  that  the  Holy  Spirit  made  special  revelations  to  him, 
pretended  to  an  extraordinary  degree  of  spiritual  illumina- 
tion and  power;  they  were  ascetical,  encouraged  celibacy, 
and  were  pharisaical  in  their  self -righteousness.  For  table  of 
heresies  of  the  first  three  centuries,  see  pp.  37,  28. 

5.  Apologies. — The  early  Christian  teachers  adopted  vig- 
orous measures  to  meet  the  objections  to  Christianity,  and  to 
reply  to  its  foes.  They  wrote  defenses,  or,  as  they  were 
called,  apologies.     The  first,  was  written  in  the  second  century. 


16         Outline  History  of  the  Church. 


TABLE   OP  APOLOGISTS. 
Quadra  tiis.  Athenagoras. 

Aristides.  Miltiades. 

Justin  Martvr,  Theophilus,  (of  ^atiocli.) 

Melito,  (of  Sardis.)  Tatian. 

Claudius  ApoUinaris.  Hermias. 


CHAPTER  III. 

PROM  THE   CLOSE   OP  THE   APOSTOLIC   PERIOD   TO   THE   END  OP 

THE  HEIGN   OP  THE  ANTONINES. 

A.  D.  101-1  SO. 

1.  Growth  of  the  Church  and  Persecntion  of  Christians. 

— The  third  persecution,  under  the  Emperor  Trajan.  He 
A.  D.  enacted  penal  laws  against  the  Christians.  His  was 
107.  the  first  legal  decree  of  a  Roman  Emperor  against 
Christianity. 

Pliny  the  Younger,  governor  of  Bithynia,  aided  in  the  persecution  of  the  Chris- 
tians, chiefly  because  they  refused  to  assist  in  sacrificing  to  the  gods,  and  In 
other  heathen  practices ;  but  he  found  them  to  be  so  numerous  that  he  was 
appalled  at  the  prosi)ect  of  suppressing  their  faith,  and  wrote  a  celebrated  letter 
to  Trajan,  asking  for  advice.  He  said  that  he  had  not  discovered  any  wicked- 
ness that  the  Christians  were  guilty  of,  nor  any  thing  done  by  them  contrary 
to  the  laws;  only  that,  rising  early,  they  sang  a  hymn  to  Christ;  that  the v 
condemned  adultery,  murder,  and  all  such  crimes;  and  that  they  acted  in  al) 
things  according  to  the  laws.  Trajan  replied  that  the  Christians  should  not  be 
sought  for,  but  if  any  were  brought  before  Pliny  they  should  be  punished. 
The  letter  of  Pliny  Ls  a  remarkable  testimony  to  the  great  numbers  and  pure 
life  of  the  Christians. 

A,  D.  Martyrdom  of  Ignatius  at  Rome.     He  wrote  epistles 

115,      from  Smyrna  to  the  Ephesians,  Trallians,  Magnesians, 
Romans,   and  from  Troas  to  the  Smyrnseans,  Philadelphians, 
and  to  Polycarp.     Trajan  pronounced  sentence  on  him. 
A.  D.  Accession   of    Adrian  to  the  throne.     His  reign  is 

117,  regarded  as  the  period  of  the  fourth  persecution.  No 
general  persecution,  however;  though  there  were  oppressive 
measures  at  Rome.  The  pagan  mobs  frequently  made  attacks 
on  the  Christians.  Adrian  ordered  that  they  should  not  be 
arrested  on  mere  rumor. 

2.  The  Collection  of  the  Canon. — Great  attention  was  paid 
during  the  second  century  to  the  collecting  of  the  sacred 
books  into  a  canon.     Most  of  the  books  of  the  New  Testa- 


lO    Longitude    rrom      o     Greenv.'ich,        io 


IN  THE  .ASa&SBOLID  SEBIOU   Ji.JO.  1  -101. 
18?5. 

PHILLIPS  &  HUNT,  NEW  YORK. 


Outline  History  of  the  Church.         21 

meut  were  received  in  the  Church  as  the  rule  of  faith.  Trans- 
lations made,  especially  into  Syriac  and  Latin. 

3.  Milder  Measures.— Renewal  of  Hostility.       a.  d. 

— Reign  of  Antoninus  Pius,  distinguished  by  mild  138-161. 
measures  toward  the  Christians.  They  were  persecuted, 
however,  by  subordinate  officers  and  excited  mobs.  Public 
calamities,  such  as  earthquakes  in  Asia  Minor,  a  famine,  the 
overflowing  of  the  Tiber,  and  great  fires  in  Rome,  Antioch,  and 
Corinth,  were  attributed  to  them,  and  hence  the  popular  fury 
against  them.  Celsus  wrote  his  book  against  the  Christian 
religion.  The  emperor  issued  an  order  confirmatory  of  Adrian's, 
that  no  one  should  be  persecuted  for  being  a  Christian  unless 
charged  with  some  o£Fense.     Polycarp  visited  Rome. 

Accession  of  Marcus  Aurelius  and  Lucius  Verus  to  A.  d. 
the  throne.  Under  Marcus  Aurelius,  "the  philos-  161. 
opher,""'  the  Christians  were  subject  to  severe  persecution. 
This  may  be  called  the  fifth  persecution. 

Lardner's  three  reasons  for  the  hostility  of  Marcus  Aiirelins  to  Christianity : 
1.  The  Christians  not  only  refused  to  join" in  the  common  worship  of  the  heathen 
deities,  but  were  free  in  their  reflections  on  the  philosophers.  2.  They  outdid  the 
Stoics  themselves  in  patience  under  all  kinds  of  suffering.  3.  The  emperor 
was  a  bigot  in  religion  and  philosophy.  Still,  Christiana  were  niade  eligible  to 
public  offices  under  certain  restrictions. 

Martyrdom  of  Justin  Martyr.  A.  d.  165. 

Martyrdom  of  Polycarp,  Bishop  of  Smyrna.  A.  d.  167. 

Polycarp  had  been  a  disciple  of  John  the  Apostle,  and  was  nearly  ninety  years 
old.  Every  effort  was  made  to  make  him  renounce  his  faith.  W^hile  in  the 
amphitheater,  expecting  execution,  the  pro-consul,  Quadratus,  said,  "Swear  and 
I  will  ri4ease  thee — reproach  Christ ! "  But  Polycarp  replied,  "Eighty  and  six 
years  do  I  serve  him,  and  never  hath  be  injuretl  me;  and  how  can  I  blaspheme 
my  King  and  Saviour  ?  "  "I  have  wild  beasts,"  said  the  persecutoi-.  "  Call 
them."  replied  the  hero ;  "  I  cannot  change  from  good  to  evil ;  it  is  good  to 
change  from  sin  to  righteousness."  "  1  ^viII  cause  thee  to  be  devoured  by  fire," 
continued  Quadratus,  "  since  thou  despisest  the  beasts."  Polycarp  responded, 
"Thou  threatenest  the  fire  which  burneth  but  for  a  time  and  is  then  extin- 
guished, for  thou  knowest  not  the  fire  of  future  judgment  and  of  eternal  pun- 
ishment reserved  for  the  wicked.  But  why  tarriest  thou?  Bring  what  thou 
wilt  I"  He  died  in  the  midst  of  the  flames,  thanking  God  for  the  honor  of 
sealing  his  faith  by  his  blood. 

4.  Visitation  of  Martyrs'  Graves.— Intercomimmioii.— 

A  custom  arose  among  Christians  to  commemorate  the  death 
of  martyrs  by  meeting  at  their  graves  on  the  anniversaries  of 
their  death,  and  holding  Divine  worship,  celebrating  the 
Lord's  Supper,  and  taking  collections  for  the  poor. 

Many  Christians  in  Asia  Minor  removed  to  Gaul,  (France,) 
and  formed  that   remarkable  bond  of   unity  between  the 
2 


22         Outline  History  of  the  Church. 

Church  in  these  two  countries.  A  fraternal  letter  of  the  Chris- 
tians in  France,  written  during  a  period  of  great  persecution 
to  their  brethren  in  Asia  Minor,  has  come  down  to  our  times 
through  Eusebius.     Some  regard  it  as  the  work  of  Irenaeus. 

During^  this  persecution  in  France  only  Roman  citizens  were  granted  death  by 
the  sword,  while  the  rest  were  torn  to  pieces  by  wild  beasts.  The  bodies  were 
mutilated  and  then  burned,  and  the  ashes  thrown  into  the  Ehone.  A  certain  Sy  m- 
porian  was  beheaded  for  refusing  to  fall  before  the  car  of  the  idol  Cybele.  Ilia 
mother  cried  as  he  went  to  execution,  "  My  son,  my  son,  be  steadfast;  look  up 
to  Him  who  dwells  in  heaven.  To-day  thy  life  is  not  taken  from  thee  but 
raised  to  a  better."    * 

A.  D.  Bardesanes,  after  writing  in  defense  of  Christianity, 
170,  went  over  to  the  Valentinians,  and  became  the  fore- 
runner of  Manichseism.  Controversy  concerning  the  time  of 
keeping  Easter,  or  the  paschal  feast ;  the  Church  in  the  West 
contending  that  the  observance  should  be  on  Sunday,  or  day 
of  resurrection,  and  the  East  that  it  should  be  on  Friday,  or 
the  passover. 
Evidence  of  the  practice  of  infant  baptism  in  the  Church. 


CHAPTER    IV. 

PERIOD  OP  THE  GROWTH  OF  THE  PERSECUTED  CHURCH,  PROM 
THE  EMPEROR  COMMODUS  TO  CONSTANTENE'S  EDICT  OP  TOL- 
ERATION. 

A.  D.  180-313. 

1.  Christianity  and  Paganism  in  Final  Conflict.— This 

was  the  closing  period  of  the  persecuted  Church.  The  oppos- 
ing forces  were  massed,  and  every  effort  made  to  frustrate 
the  new  religion.  Martyrdoms  frequent,  and  of  the  most 
cruel  character.  Forms  of  conflict  of  the  Church :  1.  With 
Greek  and  Roman  heathenism.  2.  With  civil  power.  3.  With 
the  popular  faith.  4.  With  the  philosophic  culture  of  tho 
times.  But  the  progress  of  the  Gospel  was  all  the  more  rapid, 
though  less  noticeable  by  the  public.  Diffusion  of  Christian- 
ity through  the  whole  Roman  Empire,  beyond  its  boundaries 
in  Asia,  and  far  into  the  north  of  Europe,  through  the  irrup- 
tions of  the  German  barbaric  tribes  into  the  Empire. 
The  Gospel  preached  in  Ethiopia  by  Pantajnus. 


Outline  History  of  the  Church.         23 

Commodus  on  the  Roman  throne.  During  his  reign,  A.  d. 
from  A.  D.  180-193,  the  persecution  of  the  Christians  180. 
was  less  intense,  the  emperor  caring  but  little  for  the  national, 
or  any  other,  religion. 

Beginning  of  important  differences  between  the  Church  in 
the  East  and  that  in  the  West.  Increase  in  the  number  of 
Church  officers,  and  in  the  ascendancy  of  the  hierarchical  aris- 
tocracy. 

Clement  the  head  of  the  catechetical  school  in  Alexandria. 

Septimius  Severus,  emperor.  Christians  but  little  a.  d. 
persecuted  during  the  first  six  years  of  his  reign.  193. 
Afterward,  ^.  D.  201,  he  instituted  a  general  persecution, 
which  was  especially  severe.  He  forbade  his  subjects  from 
adopting  either  the  Jewish  or  Christian  religion. 

Martyrdom  of  Perpetua  and  Felicitas,  the  former  a  noble  lady,  the  latter  a 
slave,  but  both  sharing  a  common  prison  and  death  in  the  bonds  of  Christian 
love.  The  aged  father  of  Perpetua  tried  to  dissuade  her  from  her  faith,  but 
neither  he  nor  the  love  she  bore  her  infant  child  could  make  her  renounce  it. 
Pointing  to  a  vessel  that  lay  on  the  ground,  she  said  to  her  father,  "  Can  I  call 
this  vessel  what  it  is  not  ?  "  "  No  !  "  he  answered.  "  Neither,"  she  replied, 
"  can  I  call  myself  any  thing  but  a  Christian."  Her  child  was  torn  from  her, 
and  she  was  cast  into  a  dungeon,  which,  she  said,  "  became  a  palace."  When 
Bhe  and  Felicitas  were  brought  out  into  the  amphitheater  they  were  torn  to 
pieces  by  the  wild  beasts,  but  embraced  each  other  in  the  *'  mutual  kiss  of 
Christian  love  "  just  before  their  spirits  departed. 

2.  Interpretation  of  the  Scriptures.— Theological  In- 
struction.— The  earliest  commentators  on  the  Scriptures  lived 
during  this  period,  and  were  Pantaenus  and  Clement  of 
Alexandria.  Church  of  Carthage  became  very  prominent; 
Tertullian  stood  at  the  head  of  it.  There  arose  at  Alexandria 
an  important  school  of  philosophy,  which  strove  to  separate 
truth  from  error  in  the  Gnostic  system.  It  fell  into  error  it- 
self. Origen  became  the  head  of  the  catechetical  school  at 
Alexandria.  The  allegorical  mode  of  interpretation  prevailed 
there.  Neoplatonism  in  opposition  to  Christianity.  It  spirit- 
ualized Greek  and  Oriental  mythology,  and  applied  it  to 
Christianity ;  it  would  substitute,  however,  intellectual  intui- 
tions for  both  Christianity  and  paganism.  Ammonius  Saccas 
was  one  of  its  chief  teachers.  He  is  believed  to  have  aban- 
doned Christianity  at  last.     Plotinus  his  greatest  disciple. 

Death  of  Severus ;  Caracalla  and  Geta,  brothers,  a.  d. 
loint  emperors;  the  latter  put  to  death  by  the  former.  211. 
General  toleration  granted  the  Christians,  but  persecution  in 


24         Outline  History  of  the  Church. 

certain  localities.  Massacre  at  Alexandria.  Heliogabnlus, 
emperor  in  218,  attempted  to  establish  the  worship  of  the 
Sim  throughout  tlie  empire;  offered  no  molestation  to  the 
Christians  in  particular.  Alexander  Severus,  emperor  A.  D. 
222-335,  favored  Christianity,  though  the  Christians  were 
persecuted  by  some  of  his  officers  in  certain  localities.  He 
placed  a  statue  of  Christ  among  his  household  gods. 

Fasting  became  more  common,  and  greater  value  attached 
to  it.  First  traces  of  churches,  or  distinct  buildings,  for 
Christian  worship.  Church  councils  grew  in  importance — not 
only  bishops,  but  ministers,  and  even  laymen,  were  members. 
A.  D.  Maximinus,  who  murdered  his  predecessor,  emperor. 
235.  He  inaugurated  a  partial  persecution,  aimed  chiefly  at 
the  heads  of  the  Church.  Pontus  and  Cappadocia  were  the 
principal  scenes  of  the  persecution.  The  emperor  put  to 
death  the  bishops  who  had  been  friendly  to  his  predecessor. 

There  was  universal  peace  in  the  Church  under  Gordian, 
emperor  in  238.  Succeeded  by  Philip  the  Arabian,  244. 
Important  travels  and  writings  of  Origen. 

First  traces  of  the  Eoman  Catholic  doctrine  of  purgatory,  Origen  teaching,  in 
harmony  with  the  views  of  Plato,  that  the  souls  of  all  good  men  will  pass 
through  purgatorial  fire. 

3.  The  Decian  Persecution. — Decius  became  emperor,  and 
commenced  one  of  the  two  most  barbarous  of  all  the  per- 
secutions. It  extended  throughout  the  Roman  Empire. 
There  was  an  imperial  edict  for  the  restoration  of  the  State 
religion,  while  torture,  banishment,  and  confiscation  were  the 
punishments  inflicted  on  Christians.  Bishops  were  put  to 
death,  and  among  the  number  was  Fabianus,  Bishop  of  Rome. 
Alexander,  Bishop  of  Jerusalem,  and  Babylas,  Bishop  of  Anti- 
och,  died  in  prison.  The  most  cruel  measures  were  adopted. 
*'The  sword,  the  fire,  wild  beasts,  hooks  of  steel,  the 
wheel,  red-hot  iron  chains,  and  whatever  else  would  inflict 
pain,  were  brought  into  requisition."  A  rebellion  in  Mace- 
donia and  a  Gothic  war  diverted  the  attention  of  Decius 
from  the  Christians.  He  died  in  battle  against  the  Goths, 
A.  D.  251. 

4.  Rise  of  Monasticism.— Paul  the  Hermit,  of  Thebes, 
and   other  Christians,  withdrew  to  the  deserts  of  Egypt  and 


Outline  History  of  the  Church.         25 

other  retired  places  to  avoid  the  persecution.  Begiuiiing  of 
a  great  pestilence,  which  lasted  fifteen  years. 

Decius  was  succeeded  by  Gallus,  who  in  turn  was  suc- 
ceeded by  Valerian.  The  latter  aimed  to  destroy  Christianity 
by  putting  to  death  its  leaders.  In  the  fourth  year  of  hia 
reign  he  issued  an  edict :  "  Let  bishops,  presbyters,  and  dea- 
cons at  once  be  put  to  death.''  The  aged  Cyprian  suffered 
martyrdom  for  refusing  to  sacrifice  to  idols.  Many  Christians 
sent  to  the  mines. 

Gallienus,  emperor.  He  restored  to  the  Christians  a.  d. 
their  burial  grounds  and  property,  and  protected  them  259, 
in  their  worship.  Under  him  Christianity  was  first  recognized 
by  the  State  as  a  lawful  religion.  He  was  succeeded  by  Au- 
relian,  a  plebeian  fire-worshiper,  in  270.  He  was  unfriendly  to 
Christianity,  but  recognized  the  favorable  edict  of  his  prede- 
cessor.    Murdered  in  275. 

5.  The  Sabellians. — They  denied  the  personality  of  the 
Son  and  Holy  Ghost ;  God  is  man's  redeemer  and  sanctifier ; 
divinity  of  the  Father  resides  in  the  Son,  who  had  no  separate 
existence  before  his  appearance  on  earth.  The  sect  existed 
at  Rome  and  Alexandria  until  the  fourth  century. 

6.  The  Lapsed. — The  Christians  who  did  not  withstand  the 
persecution  were  called  by  various  names.  Those  who,  to 
save  becoming  martyrs,  sacrificed  at  pagan  altars,  were  called 
"  Sacrificati ;  "  those  who  burned  incense  in  pagan  worship, 
"  Thurificati ; "  and  those  who  obtained  from  tlie  pagan 
authorities  a  certificate,  lihellum,  "  Libellatici. "  There  were 
intense  agitation  and  discussion  among  Christians  as  to  tlie 
proper  mode  of  treating  the  lapsed.  Some  favored  sever- 
ity, others  lenity.  The  Novatian  schism  at  Rome  grew  out 
of  this  question.  Novatus  was  lax  at  Carthage,  but  was  de- 
feated within  the  Church. 

Diocletian,  emperor;  Maxiraian  taken  as  colleague.  A.  d. 
The  persecution  under  him  was  the  last,  most  violent,  28'l. 
and  most  wide-spread.  He  ordered  that  all  Bibles  should  bo 
burned,  all  Christian  churches  be  pulled  down,  and  all  Chris- 
tians be  deprived  of  rank  and  honor.  A  Christian  of  noble 
rank  tore  the  proclamation  to  pieces,  but  was  roasted  for  hia 
act.     All  were  tortured  wlio  refused  to  sacrifice  to  idols.     Of 


26         Outline  History  of  the  Church. 

all  the  Roman  Empire,  only  Gaul,  Britain,  and  Spain,  which 
were  ruled  by  Constantius  Chlorus,  escaped  persecution. 
A.  D.  Constantius,  emperor.  Bom  in  Dacia,  274;  his 
306.  father,  Constantius  Chlorus,  (the  Sallow,)  and  his 
mother,  Helena  daughter  of  an  innkeeper.  He  fought  his 
way  to  the  throne  by  patience  and  bravery  in  the  war&  in 
Egypt  and  Persia.  Proclaimed  emperor  by  the  soldiers  in 
Britain.  In  308  there  were  six  emperors  dividing  the  Roman 
dominion.  Finally  the  number  was  reduced  to  two,  Con- 
stantine  in  the  East,  and  Licinius  in  the  West. 

When  Constantine  was  engaged  in  war  with  a  rival  emperor,  Maxentius,  he  is 
said  by  the  writers  of  the  time  to  have  seen  the  vision  of  a  cross  hung  in  the 
sky,  inscribed  with  the  words,  in  the  Greek  language,  "In  this  Conquer ! " 
He  gained  the  great  victory  of  the  Ked  Rocks  immediately  afterward.  The 
incident  of  the  vision  led  him  to  accept  Christianity,  and  ever  afterward  he 
carried  the  cross  at  the  head  of  his  tioops. 


Table  of  Persecutions  and  Intervals  of  Peace. 

A.D. 

64-68.     Persecution  under  Nera_   Martyrdom  of  Paul. 
68-95.     Interval  of  peace. 

95-96.     Persecution  under   Domitian.      Banishment   of  John   to 
Patraos. 
96-104.     Interval  of  peace. 

104-117.     Persecution  under  Trajan.     Martyrdom  of  Ignatius. 
117-161.     Interval  of  peace.      '^ 

161-180.     Persecution  under  MarcusAurelius.     Martyrdom  of  Poly- 
carp.  ""  ^ 
1 80-200.     Interval  of  peace. 
200-211.     Persecution  under  Severus. 
211-250.     Interval  of  peace,  "excepting  2.35-237,  when  there  was  a 

partial  persecution  under  Maximinus. 
250-25.3.     Persecution  under  Decius. 
253-257.     Interval  of  peace. 

257-260      Persecution  under  Valerian,  with  intervals  of  peac«. 
260-30?      Interval  of  peace,  excepting  262,  persecution  in  the  Ea»t 
under  Macrianus ;  275,  persecution  threatened  under  An- 
relian. 
303-313.     Persecution  under  Diocletian,  G-alerius,  and  Maximinus. 

II. 
Church  Fathers,  to  the  Council  op  Nice. 
The   term    "  Father "   is   applied    to   those  early  Christian 
writers  who  were  regarded  in  their  day  as  authorities  in  doc- 
trine and  practice,  and  in  whose  writings  we  find  the  history. 


Outline  History  of  the  Church. 


27 


doctrines  and  traditions  of  the  early  Church.     They  are  as 
follows  : 

APOSTOLICAL   FATHERS. 

Barnabas,    died  about  A.  D.    57         Hermas,      died  about  A.  D.  150 
Clemens,  "  100         Polycarp,  "  167 

Ignatius,  "  117 


CHUUGH 

FATHERS. 

Dionysius,   died  about  A.  D.  100 

/  Tertullian,     died  about  A.  D 

.  220 

Ilermias, 

150 

Minutius  Felix,                " 

225 

/  Justin  Martyr, 

167 

Origen, 

254 

^atian, 

176 

Cyprian,                            " 

258 

Hegesippus, 

'             180 

'''  Dionysius  of  Alexandria," 

265 

Theophilus, 

182 

;  Gregory  Thaumaturgus,  " 

270 

^Athenagoras, 

♦             190 

^  Victorinus,                       " 

303 

^  Irenajus,                      ' 

*             202 

Arnobius,                          " 

326 

/  Hippolytus,                 < 
,    Clemens  of  Alexandn 

*            210 

Lactantius,                       " 

330 

a,           220 

III. 

Heresies  and  Sects  op  the  First  Three  Centuries. 

first  century. 

Judaizing.  Gnostic^  (Asiatic.) 

Nazarenes.  Simouians,  (Simon  Magus.) 

Ebionites.  Menandrians. 

Nicolaitans.  Cerinthiana, 

DocetaB. 

SECOND   CENTURY. 

The  Syrian  GnosUca. 
Saturninus.  Tatian. 

Bardesanes.  Severus. 


The  Asiatic  Gnostics. 

Lucian,  (or  Lucan.) 


Cerdo. 
Marcion. 


Egyptian,  or  Alexandrian  Gnostics. 

Valentinus.  Ptolemaeus. 

Basilides.  Secundus. 

Carpocrates.  Marcus. 

Heracleon.  Colobarsus. 


Sethians. 


Lesser  Gnostic  Sects. 
Cainitea. 


Ophitet. 


28  Ojtline  History  of  the  Church. 


Non-Oriental  Heresies. 

Praxeas,  and  Patripassians.  Millenarii,  or  Chiliasta 

Theodotus.  Hermogenes. 

Artemon.  Montanus. 

Prodicus.  Elxai,    or    Elcesaitae, 
Antitecti.  Helcesaitae. 

Alogians. 

THIKD   CENTURY. 


Novatian,  (Novatians.)  Nepos. 

Novatus.  Paul  of  Samosata,  (Paul* 

Beryllus.  ianists.) 

Noetus.  Manichaeans. 

Sabellius,  (Patripassian.)  Hierax,  (Hieracites.) 

Schisins. 

Felicissimua.  Novatus. 

Controversies. 

On  the  Lapsed.  On  Heretical  Baptism. 


CHAPTER    V. 


THE   CHURCH  UNITED   WITH  THE  STATE. — FROM  CONSTANTINE'S 
EDICT   OP   TOLERATION   TO  THE   AGE   OP   LEO   THE   GREAT. 

A.  D.  313-440. 

1.  Toleration  of  Christianity. — Constantine  and  Licinius 
published  an  edict  in  favor  of  the  full  toleration  of  Christians. 
A..  D.  In  the  following  year  the  emperors  engaged  in  war 
31 3.  with  each  other,  when  Licinius  made  peace  on  dis- 
advantageous terms.  He  persecuted  the  Christians  in  tlie 
East,  and  defended  paganism. 

2.  Rise  of  Arianism. — Arius,  the  founder  of  Arianisni, 
held  that  Christ  was  created,  and  was  not  of  the  same  sub- 
stance as  the  Father.  He  claimed  that  there  was  a  time 
when  Christ  did  not  exist.  Excommunication  of  Arius. 
Arianism  at  its  height,  and  extended  to  the  "West,  in  the 
middle  of  the  fourth  century. 

3.  The  Nicene  Council. — This  was  the  first  general  counciJ 


Outline  History  or  the  ('hurch.         2y 

of  the  Church,  and  was  convened  by  Constantine,  Avho  waa 
present  iu  person.  It  was  called  chiefly  to  settle  the  a.  d. 
Arian  controversy.  The  doctrines  of  Ai-ius  were  con-  325. 
demned  as  heretical,  principally  through  the  influence  of 
Athanasius,  a  talented  young  deacon  of  Alexandria. 

4.  Spread  of  Christianity. — Constantine  sole  emperor; 
laws  against  paganism ;  all  Christians  protected  in  their  rights. 
One  lialf  of  the  Eoman  Empire  in  favor  of  Christianity. 
Many  heatlien  temples  converted  into  churches.  About  one 
thousand  bishops  in  the  Eastern  Church,  and  eight  hundred 
in  the  Western.  Great  increase  in  religious  ceremonies.  Con- 
stantinople made  the  imperial  residence.  The  clergy  ex- 
empted from  share  in  civil  burdens.  Arius  restored  as 
presbyter  to  Alexandria  by  Constantine. 

5.  The  Empire  and  Christianity.— Death  of  Con-  a.  d. 
stantine;  was  baptized  shortly  before  his  death;  337. 
buried  in  the  Church  of  the  Apostles  at  Constantinople. 
Constantine  11.  and  Constans,  emperors  in  the  West ;  Con- 
stantius  emperor  in  the  East.  Athanasius  restored  by  Con- 
stans. Union  between  Church  and  State  more  intimate. 
The  emperors  convened  and  presided  over  the  councils ;  con- 
firmed their  decrees;  enacted  ecclesiastical  laws  themselves; 
decided  concerning  heresies  and  controversies;  appointed 
bishops ;  inflicted  ecclesiastical  punishment. 

6.  Monasticism. — Great  increase  of  monasticism,  though  it 
spread  much  sooner  and  more  rapidly  in  the  East  than  the 
West.  The  monks  divided  into  anchorites  and  coenobites. 
Nuns  in  Egypt.  Death  of  Anthony,  (the  Great,)  a  celebrated 
promoter  of  monasticism. 

7.  Julian  and  Jovian. — Coronation  of  Julian  the  a.  d. 
Apostate.  He  renounced  the  Christian  faith;  openly  301. 
endeavored  to  establish  paganism ;  wrote  against  Christian- 
ity ;  forbade  Christians  to  teach  the  liberal  arts  and  science^ , 
commanded  the  Christian  sects  to  be  tolerant  of  each  other; 
took  away  the  immunities  from  Christians.  Succeeded  by 
Jovian.  Universal  toleration  under  Valentinian  I.  in  the 
West.  Heathen  superstition  generally  renounced  by  the 
educated  classes.  Adherents  of  the  ancient  faith  now  for  the 
first  time  styled  Pagani^  or  Pagans. 


30         Outline  History  of  tke  Church. 

8.  Arianism.— The  Roman  See.— Reign  of  Theodosius  I. 
the  Great,  A.  D.  379-395.  Decline  and  fall  of  Arianism. 
A.  D.  The  tenets  maintained  among  barbarians — Vandals, 
379.  Goths,  Lombards — until  middle  of  seventh  century. 
Choral  singing  introduced  by  Ambrose.  Latin  translation 
of  the  Scriptures  improved.  Extension  of  the  power  of  the 
Roman  See.  Doctrine  of  purgatory  taught  at  beginning  of 
fifth  century,  Augustine  thinking  Origen's  view  of  the 
purification  of  souls  by  fire  between  death  and  the  judgment 
in  all  probability  correct.  Extensive  conversion  of  the  Gauls ; 
great  spread  of  the  Gospel  in  Germany. 

9.  Religious  Life. — During  this  period  the  religious  life  of 
the  Christians  was,  for  the  most  part,  pure  and  fervent.  The 
effect  of  the  persecutions  had  been  salutary  in  promoting  in- 
trospection and  zeal,  but  the  transition  of  Christianity  to  a 
State  religion  was  calculated  to  give  to  religion,  later,  more  of 
an  external  and  secular  character.  The  heresies  caused  the 
withdrawal  of  many  who  were  cold  and  wayward. 

As  a  specimen  of  the  conversions  of  the  tinae,  we  give  a  Church  Father's 
personal  experience,  in  his  own  exi)ressive  language:  "  It  appeared  to  me  ex- 
tremely hard  to  be  born  again  to  a  new  life,  and  to  become  another  man,  stiU 
keeping  the  same  body.  How  can  one  at  once  get  rid  of  rooted  and  hardened 
habits,  wliich  arise  either  from  nature  itself,  or  from  long  custom  ?  .  .  .  I  often 
held  converse  thus  with  myself;  but  when  the  life-gi\ing  water  had  washed 
away  the  sins  of  my  past  life,  and  my  cleansed  heart  had  received  light  from  on 
high  and  the  heavenly  Spirit,  I  was  amazed  how  my  doubts  vanished  away; 
all  was  open,  all  was  clear,  and  I  found  ea-<y  what  appeared  to  me  impossible: 
namely,  to  acknowledge  that  whatsoever  is  born  according  to  the  flesh,  and  Uvea 
in~crime,  is  of  the  earth  ;  and  that  whatsoever  is  enlivened  by  the  Holy  Spirit 
Cometh  from  God." — Cypkian's  Narrative  of  my  Experience, 

10.  Creeds. — The  Apostles'  Creed  was  the  baptismal  creed 
in  the  Roman  and  Italian  Churches.  The  Nicene  Creed  was 
adopted  by  the  universal  Church,  and  was  introduced,  with 
the  service  of  the  eucharist,  in  the  fifth  and  sixth  centuries. 
Each  Church  possessed,  and  many  exercised,  the  right  of 
imposing  its  own  liturgy  by  tlie  adding  of  new  rites  aiid 
prayers.  Tl)e  present  eucharistic  service  in  the  Church  of 
England  resembles  the  ancient  Galilean. 

In  the  fourth  century  there  were  four  forms  of  administering  the  communion, 
though  thure  was  agreement  in  the  main.  1.  One  form  was  common  to  the 
Churches  in  Judsea,  Syria,  Asia  Minor,  Mace<lonia,  Greece.  2.  Another  In 
Egypt  and  Ethiopia.  3.  A  third  in  Ejthesus,  and  afterward  in  Fran  'e,  Spain, 
and  probably  Britain.     4.  A  fourth  in  Koine,  Ital)',  and  Africa. 


Outline  History  of  the  Church.         31 

Death  of  Theodosius,  and  final  division  of  the  empire.  A.  d. 
Honorius  emperor  in  the  West,  and  Arcadius  in  the  395. 
East. 

11.  Pelagianism.— Abuses.— Controversy  between  Pelagius 
and  Augustine.  Pelagius  denied  the  doctrine  of  original  sin, 
the  total  corruption  of  the  human  nature,  irresistible  grace, 
and  absolute  decrees  of  election.  Opposed  by  Augustine,  who 
contended  for  all  these.  Pelagius  taught  his  views  at  Rome. 
His  system  condemned  by  the  Synods  of  Mylene  and  Car- 
thage. Semi-Pelagianism  in  Gaul.  Period  of  violent  contro- 
versy, pompous  ceremonial,  rising  secular  power,  and  growing 
corruption  of  the  Church.  General  religious  decline.  In- 
creasing wealth  in  the  Church.  Only  a  few  heathen  temples 
remained ;  the  heathen  excluded  from  posts  of  honor. 

Eome  plundered  by  Alaric  the  Goth.  Southern  A.  D. 
Italy  conquered  by  him.  410, 

For  six  days  the  streets  of  Rome  ran  with  the  blood  of  its  citizens.  Rich  booty 
was  borne  southward  by  Alaric's  advancing  troops.  He  died  before  passing 
over  into  Sicily  at  Cozenza,  in  Calabria.  A  river  was  turned  aside  to  make  a 
place  in  its  bed  for  his  grave,  and  when  he  was  buried  the  water  went  into  its 
formei  channel,  and  the  prisoners  who  had  buried  him  were  slain,  that  no  one 
might  find  out  where  the  conqueror  of  Rome  was  buried. 


CHAPTER  VI. 

AGE  OF  LEO  THE  GREAT. — SUPREMACY  OF  THE  ROMAN  CHURCH 
IN  THE  WEST. — CONTINUANCE  OF  CONTROVERSIES. — MOHAM- 
MEDANISM. 

A.  D.  440-590. 

^  1.  Leo  the  Great.— Controversy  on  the  Natures  of  Christ. 
— Reign  of  Leo  the  Great,  Bishop  of  Rome.     He  A.  d. 

was  distinguished  for  his  extension  of  the  power  440-461, 
of  the  Romish  See,  opposition  to  the  claims  of  the  patriarch 
of  Constantinople,  and  successful  defense  of  the  orthodox 
faith  against  heretics  and  schismatics.  Controversy  on  the 
union  of  the  two  natures  in  Christ.  The  Monophysites,  or 
Eutychians,  held  tJiat  there  was  only  one  nature  in-  Christ. 
Monophysitism  condemned  at  the  Council  of  Clialcedon. 

2.    Capture   of   Rome. — Rome  captured  by  the  Van-     A.  d. 
dais  under  Genseric.     The  Vandals  and  Moors  pillaged     465. 


32         Outline  History  of  the  Church. 

the  city  without  mercy.  Its  finest  Avorks  of  art  destroyed , 
its  bronzes  and  silver  and  gold  articles  melted  down.  Treas- 
ure and  captives  carried  over  the  sea  to  Carthage. 

3.  Downfall  of  the  Western  Roman  Empire.— Irruptions 
of  the  barbarians  in  the  West  very  prejudicial  to  learning  and 
the  safety  of  the  Christian  missionaries.  Various  parts  of 
central  and  eastern  Europe  overspread  by  the  Sclavi.  Great 
vices  among  the  clergy.  The  oligarchy  of  the  patriarchate 
of  Rome  gradually  gave  way  to  the  monarchy  of  the  Bishop 
Df  Rome.  Beginning  of  the  application  of  the  title  "  Pope  '* 
to  the  Bishop  of  Rome. 

4.  Eastern  Empire.— The  Franks. — Justinian  I.  Emperor 
in  the  East.  Reign,  A.  D.  527-565.  Great  power  and  suc- 
cess of  the  Eastern  empire.  Justinian  destroyed  the  remnants 
of  paganism  in  his  empire.  The  Franks  subdued  the  Alle- 
mani,  Bavarians,  and  Thuringians.  Establishment  of  mo- 
nastic rules  and  institutes  by  Benedict  of  Nursia. 

A.  D.  Rome  taken  by  Belisarius.  The  city  remained  in 
535.     the  power  of  the  Greeks  until  541. 

5.  Clerical  Celibacy.— Councils. — Celibacy  of  the  clergy 
supported  by  edicts  of  Justinian  in  530,  536,  and  541.  Both 
East  and  West  held  councils,  those  in  the  East  being  on 
points  of  theological  controversy,  and  those  in  the  West  on 
matters  of  ecclesiastical  discipline.  The  Scots  christiauxzed 
by  Columba,  of  Ireland. 

6.  Mohammedanism. — Mohammed  born  at  Mecca,  Arabia, 
in  569  or  570.  1.  He  declared  himself  a  prophet,  609 ; 
2.  Fled  to  Medina,  622 ;  3.  Founded  a  new  religion,  based 
on  the  Koran,  (collected  by  Abu  Bekr  in  635,)  which  he 
wrote  ;  4.  Conquered  all  Arabia ;  died  from  poison,  632.  lie 
was  succeeded  by  Caliphs,  who  carried  their  victories  over 
vast  regions,  until  Egypt,  Syria,  Persia,  North  Africa,  Asia 
Minor,  Northern  India,  all  Spain,  and  the  south  of  Franci 
were  under  their  dominion.  Charles  Martel  arrestca  the  f)rGg- 
ress  of  the  Mohammedans  in  western  Europe  by  a  victory  al 
Tours,  France,  A.  D.  732.  According  to  the  monkish  legends, 
three  hundred  thousand  Moslems  were  killed.  While  the 
number  slain  was  greatly  exaggerated,  the  victory  was  yet  com- 
plete  and    perpetual.     Mohammedanism  still  prevails  in  the 


Outline  Histoky  of  the  Church. 


33 


aorthem  half  of  Africa,  Turkey  in  Europe,   Arabia,  Persia, 
ihe  Holy  Laiid,  and  Asia  Minor. 

Six  chief  doctrines :  1.  The  one  God.    2.  Angels  and  archang-els.   3.  The  Koran. 

4.  The    positive     prophetical    character  of   Mohammed  and  his  successors. 

5.  Resurrection  and  the  general  judgment.  6  God's  absolute  predetermination 
of  good  and  evil.  The  four  great  duties  are :  1,  Prayer.  2.  Almseiving. 
8.  Fasting.  4.  Pilgrimages  to  Mecca  and  Medina.  5.  Polygamy.  6.  Prohibi- 
tion to  eat  swine-meat.    The  ethical  element  is  wanting  in  the  Mohammedan 

system. 

EoMAN  Emperors. 
From  the  beginning  of  the   Christian  era  to  the  fall  of  the 
Roman  empire : 

First  Century. 


A.D. 

Augustus B.  c.  13-14 

Tiberius 14 

Caligula 37 

Claudius 41 

Neio 54 

Galba 68 

Otho 69 


A.D. 

Yitellius 69 

Vespasian 69 

Titus 79 

Domitian 81 

Nerva 96 

Trajan 98 


Second  Century. 

Trajan 98 

Adrian 117 

Antoninus  Pius 138 

Marcus  Aurelius  and  L.Verus  161 


Commodus 180 

Pertinax 193 

Severus 193 


Third  Century. 


Caracalla  and  Geta 211 

Macrinus 217 

Heliogabalus 218 

Alexander  Severus 222 

Maximinus 235 

Gordian  and  his  son 237 

Balbinus  and  Pupienus 238 

Gordian  the  Younger 238 

Philip  the  Arabian 244 

Decius "249 

Gallus  and  his  son 251 

^mUianus 253 

Valerian  and  his  son 253 


Gallienus 260 

Claudius  II 268 

Quintillus 270 

Aurelian 270 

Interregnum  of  nine  months.  275 

Tacitus 275 

Florianus 276 

Probus 276 

Cams 282 

Carinus  and  Numerianus. ...  283 

Diocletian 284 

Maximianus  as  colleague. . . .  286 


Fourth  Century. 

Constantius  and  Galerius 305 

Constantine  the  Great 306 

Constantine  the  Great,  as  sole 

Emperor 323 


Constantine  II.,  Constans,  and 

Constantius  II 337 

Julian  the  Apostate 361 

Jovianus 363 


34 


Outline  History  of  the  Church. 


Western  Empire. 


A.D. 

Valentinian 364 

Gratian 367 


Valentinian  II 375 

Honorius 395 


Eastern  Empire. 

Valens 364  I  Arcadius  . . 

Theodosius 379  | 

Last  Emperors  of  Rome. 


395 


Honoriua 395 

Valentinian  III 425 

Maximus 455 

Avitus 456 

Majoriaraus 457 

Libius  Severus 461 


Antliemius 467 

Olybius 472 

Glycerins 473 

Julius  Nepos 474 

Romulus  Augustulus. . .  475,  476 


CHAPTER  VII. 

THE  AGE  OP  GREGORY  THE  GREAT — CONFLICTS  BETWEEN  THE 
CHURCH  IN  THE  EAST  AND  WEST — DECLINE  OP  THE  EAST- 
ERN CHURCH. 

A.  D.  590-750. 

The  countries  of  the  West  became  a  religious  and  political 
unity,  while  disintegration  prevailed  in  the  East,  largely 
through  the  intrusion  of  Mohammedanism.  In  Europe  the 
unity  greatly  promoted  by  the  conversion  of  the  Britons  anc» 
the  Germans.  Growth  of  the  worship  of  images  and  saint* 
in  the  West. 

1.  Gregory  the  Great. — Gregory  the  Great,  Bishop  of  Rome, 
A.  D.  590-604.  He  called  himself  the  "  Servant  of  the  serv- 
A.  D.  ants  of  our  Lord."  He  magnified  the  pretensions  of 
590.  the  Roman  See;  revised  the  ritual;  established  the 
mass;  promoted  monastic  life  and  institutions;  patronized 
church  music  and  ceremonial  observances;  cultivated  theo- 
logical literature,  strict  clerical  discipline,  and  almsgiv- 
ing ;  discouraged  the  liberal  sciences ;  and  established 
purgatory  as  a  positive  doctrine.  Gregory  sent  monks  into 
Britain  for  the  re-conversion  of  the  Anglo-Saxons.  He  was 
incited  to  do  so  by  the  beauty  of  some  English  boys,  whom  he 
had  seen  in  the  Roman  slave  market.  The  mission  conducted 
by  the  monk  Augustine,  first  Archbishop  of  Canterbury. 


to  Lonjilutlc  L-3ni  O  GroeiL^idj..  lo 


r.  JCaimhxtbz.    ileL. 


Outline  History  of  the  Church.         39 

2.  Monothelite  Controversy.— The  Hlonotlielite  controver- 
sy arose  from  Heraclius  asserting  that  ttere  were  in  Christ  but 
one  will  and  one  mode  of  operation.  The  Duothelites  held  to 
two  wills  in  Christ,  because  of  his  two  natures.  Growth  of 
papal  power  in  the  West.  Theodore,  Bishop  of  Rome,  as- 
sumed the  title  of  Sovereign  Pontiff.  Ecclesiastical  power 
predominated  in  the  West,  and  civil  in  the  East. 

3.  Spread  of  the  Gospel. — Complete  conversion  a.  d. 
of  the  Anglo-Saxon  Heptarchy.  Chilian  preached  67§. 
among  the  Franks,  and  Willibrord  among  the  Dutch  and 
Frisians.  Winfrid  preached  in  Thuringia  and  Hesse.  He  was 
consecrated  archbishop  of  Rome  under  the  name  of  Boniface. 
Beginning  of  the  violent  controversy  on  the  use  of  images, 
which  distracted  the  Church  one  hundred  and  twenty  years, 
until  A.  D.  843. 

Saxon  translation  of  John's  Gospel  by  the  Vener-  a.  i». 
able  Bede.  Death  of  Bede.  Birth  of  Alcuin,  the  T34. 
teacher  of  Charlemagne.  Masses  for  the  dead,  the  sick, 
and  fine  weather.  Pilgrimages  in  high  repute.  Ecclesiasti- 
cal authority  predominated  over  secular. 


PART    II. 


THE    MEDIEVAL    PERIOD. 
A.  D.  750-151T. 


CHAPTER    I. 


BEGINNING,  PROGRESS,  AND  CHARACTERISTICS  OF  THE  DARK 
AGES.— CONFLICTS  BETWEEN  THE  PAPACY  AND  THE  EMPIRK 
— HILDEBRAND. 

A.  D.  750-1198. 

1.  The  Middle  Ages. — This  is  about  the  time  when  a.  d. 
the  Middle  Ages  commenced,  though  the  transition  had  750, 
been  going  on  nearly  two  centuries.  They  continued  to  the 
Reformation.  The  three  leading  achievements  of  this  period 
were  the  full  establishment  of  the  papacy,  the  development 
of  mona'jtic  orders,  and,  in  the  sphere  of  science,  the  growth 


4:0         Outline  History  of  the  Chubch. 

of  scholasticism.     The  important  political  events  marking  th< 
beginning  of  the  mediaeval  period  are : 

1.  The  end  of  the  Greek  Exarchate  in  Italy,  752. 

2.  Destruction  of  the  King-dora  of  the  Lombards,  774. 

3.  Organization  of  the  E/anli  Empire  under  Pepin,  and  its  alliance 
with  the  papacy. 

4.  Rise  of  the  new  Germanic  Church. 

5.  Division  of  the  Mohammedan  Caliphate,  750. 

6.  Decline  of  the  Greek  Empire. 

7.  Development  of  the  new  Roman  Empire  of  the  "West. 

2.  Pepin. — Reign  of  Pepin,  king  of  the  Franks,  752-768. 
He  was  the  first  of  the  Carlovingian  dynasty  of  France  which 
A.  D.  succeeded  the  Merovingian.  He  g?.ve  to  the  pope  cer- 
752.  tain  territory  lying  between  Ancona  and  the  Po,  stretch- 
ing to  the  Apennines.  This  was  the  beginning  of  the  tempo- 
ral sovereignty  of  the  papacy.  At  Pepin's  death  the  southern 
part  of  his  'kingdom  was  inherited  by  his  son  Carloman,  and 
the  northern  by  Charles,  or  Charlemagne — Charles  the  Great. 

3.  Reign  of  Charlemagne. — Charlemagne,  first  as  partic- 
ipant in  the  general  government,  and  finally  as  the  emperor 
A.  D.  of  the  West.  He  reigned  A.  D.  768-814.  He  propa- 
"768,  gated  Christianity  among  the  Franks  by  force.  Alcuin, 
his  friend  and  adviser,  commended  milder  measures,  but  to  no 
purpose.  He  was  sole  emperor  of  the  Franks  A.  D.  771. 
Carried  on  wars  against  the  Saxons,  Bohemians,  and  Huns. 
Gave  increased  grants  of  land  to  the  papacy ;  was,  neverthe- 
less, acknow^ledged  by  the  pope  as  supreme.  Great  patron 
of  learning ;  founded  the  University  of  Paris ;  had  the  best 
books  of  theology,  philosophy,  and  literature  read  to  him; 
was  himself  a  very  diligent  student,  with  Alcuin  as  teacher. 
He  organized  a  revision  and  correction  of  the  Latin  version 
of  the  Scriptures. 

4.  Controversies. — Rise  of  the  Adoptian  Controversy  in 
Spain,  that  Christ  is  not  the  true  Son  of  God,  but,  according 
A.  D.  to  his  human  nature.  Son  of  God  only  by  adoption. 
ysy.  This  view  w^as  an  accommodation  to  the  prejudices  of 
the  Mohammedan  inhabitants  of  Spain.  Forgery  of  the  false 
Isidorean  decretals,  granting  important  concessions  to  the 
papacy.  The  Aristotelian  philosophy  in  high  favor  in  the 
East.    The  establishment  of  transubstantiation— that  the  bre.ad 


Outline  History  of  the  Church.         41 

aud  wine  at  the  Lord's  Supper  became  really  the  body  and 
tilood  of  Christ. 

5.  Alfred  the  Great.— Birth  of  Alfred  the  Great,  a.  d. 
king  of  England.  He  reigned  A.  D.  871-901.  After  §48. 
defeating  his  great  rivals,  the  Danes,  he  held  undisturbed 
dominion.  lie  fortified  his  country,  developed  the  talents  of 
his  people,  encouraged  learning,  established  the  University  of 
Oxford,  and  became  the  author  of  a  number  of  works.  He 
translated  the  Psalms  into  Saxon,  and  published  the  works  of 
Orosius,  Bede,  Boethius,  and  the  Pastoral  of  Gregory.  The 
arst  pre-Norman  period  of  English  Church  history  begins  with 
the  mission  of  Augustine,  and  closes  with  the  death  of  Alcuin 
at  Tours,  in  France,  59G-801.  The  second  extends  from  Al- 
cuin to  Dunstau,  804-928.  The  third  covers  the  time  from 
928-1066,  or  from  Dunstan  to  the  Norman  conquest. 

6.  Ruric— Schism  between  the  East  and  the  West. — Found- 
ing of  the  Russian  monarchy  by  Ruric.  Formal  begin-  A.  D. 
ning  of  the  schism  between  the  Church  in  the  East  and  S62. 
that  in  the  West,  867.  Chief  grounds  of  failure  of  attempts 
at  reconciliation :  1.  Claim  of  Rome  to  be  the  final  court  of 
appeals.  2.  Which  Church  should  rule  in  East  lUyria  and  in 
Bulgaria.  3.  Doctrines  and  rites,  jilioque  controversy,  celib- 
acy, images.  Final  separation  of  the  Eastern  Church  from 
the  Western,  A.  D.  1054. 

7.  Rapid  Spread  of  the  Gospel.— Corruptions.— The  Hun- 
garians, Bulgarians,  Bohemians,  Moravians,  Wends  and  Scan- 
dinavians, evangelized.  Increasing  superstition  in  southern 
Europe.  Great  assumptions  of  power  over  the  kings  by  the 
pope ;  in  part  successful.  Worship  of  saints  very  extravagant. 
Great  corruption  of  the  papacy.  The  papal  chair  obtained 
by  the  most  corrupt  means.  Continued  struggles  between 
llic  See  of  Rome  and  the  emperors. 

8.  Papal  Pretensions. — Great  increase  of  papal  a.  d. 
pi'erogatives  after  beginning  of  tenth  century.  Mon-  900. 
asteries  exempted  from  episcopal  jurisdiction,  and  placed 
directly  under  the  papacy.  Power  of  the  bishops  declared 
to  be  derived  from  the  pope  alone.  The  pope  claimed  the 
prerogative  to  convene  general  councils.  Appeals  were  taken 
from  the  councils  to  him.     Learning  at  a  low  ebb 

3 


42         Outline  History  of  the  Church. 

A.  D.  Grants  of  Charlemagne  to  the  pope  confirmed  by  the 
963.     emperor  Otho. 

A.  D.  End  of  the  Carlovingian,  and  foundation  of  tlie 
987,     Capetian,  dynasty. 

A,  D.  9.  Norman  Conquest. — William  of  Normandy  con- 

1066.     quered  England  and  founded  a  new  dynasty.    Harold, 
the  last  of  the  Saxon  kings,  defeated  at  Hastings.     William 
refused  to  do  homage  to  the  pope  for  his  dominions. 
A.  D.  10.   Hildebrand.— Reign  of   Pope   Gregory  VH., 

1073.  (Hildebrand,)  1073-1085.  He  had  controlled  five 
popes  before  becoming  one  himself  ;  so  soon  as  his  plana 
were  ripe  he  was  elected  by  acclamation.  He  aimed  to  es- 
tablish a  universal  papal  theocracy;  endeavored  to  reform 
the  clergy;  and  claimed  absolute  dominion  over  all  the  States 
of  Christendom,  as  successor  of  St.  Peter  and  vicar  of  Christ 
on  earth. 

11.  Henry  IV. — The  emperor  Henry  IV.,  of  Germany,  re- 
fused to  submit  to  Pope  Gregory  VII.,  and  caused  his  depo- 
sition. The  pope  excommunicated  him,  and  absolved  the 
latter's  subjects  from  allegiance.  Henry  then  did  penance, 
and  submitted  to  the  demands  of  Gregory,  but  afterward 
united  with  the  Lombards  in  a  war  against  him.  Gregory 
again  excommunicated  Henry,  and  the  latter  set  up  another 
pope  under  the  title  of  Clement  HI.  Henry  besieged  Rome 
three  years,  and  gained  possession.  Rome  recovered  to 
Gregory  by  Robert  Guiscan.  Death  of  Gregory  at  Salerno. 
The  dispute  between  the  emperors  and  the  popes  continued 
loner  after  the  death  of  the  immediate  contestants.  It  was 
the  beginning  of  a  movement  which  really  culminated  in  the 
Reformation  of  the  sixteenth  century. 

A.  D.  12.  Wealth  and  Territory  of  the  Church.— Pro- 
It  34.  test  of  Arnold  of  Brescia  against  the  papal  enormities. 
Immense  wealth  of  the  Church ;  its  territories  supposed  to  be 
about  half  of  the  empire.  Beginning  of  the  great  struggle 
between  the  rival  factions,  the  Guelphs  and  Ghibellines. 
The  fundamental  doctrines  conceded  generally  in  the  Church ; 
also,  in  addition  thereto,  papal  authority,  efficacy  of  ijidul- 
gences,  transubstantiation,  inexpediency  of  reading  the  Script- 
ures in  *^e-  language  of  the  people. 


Outline  Histoky  of  the  Church.         43 


CHAPTER  II. 

THE      CRUSADB8. 
A.  D.  1096-1272. 

1.  Cause  of  the  Crusades. — Owing  to  the  oppressions  of 
the  Christians  in  Palestine,  and  especially  of  pilgrims  thither, 
by  the  Mohammedan  masters  of  the  country,  Western  Europe 
began  to  agitate  a  crusade  for  the  rescue  of  the  land  from 
their  possession.  They  were  inaugurated  by  Peter  the  Her- 
mit, of  Amiens,  France,  who  received  a  commission  from  the 
pope  to  preach  in  favor  of  them.  He  was  heard  with  profound 
attention,  and  multitudes  gathered  about  him.  His  persoa  was 
regarded  with  sacred  awe,  and  even  the  hairs  of  his  head  were 
gathered  up  as  precious  mementos. 

2.  Order  of  the  Crusades.— 1.  First  Crusade,  A.  D.  1096- 
1099.  —  Conducted  by  Walter  the  Penniless  and  Peter  the 
Hermit;  six  armies  engaged  in  the  enterprise,  600,000  people 
in  all.  After  the  death  of  the  first  Crusaders  there  appeared 
the  real  warriors,  under  such  leaders  as  Godfrey  of  Bouillon, 
Hugh  the  Great,  Robert  of  Normandy,  Tancred,  Raymond  of 
Toulouse.  Capture  of  Jerusalem,  July,  1098.  Godfrey  of 
Bouillon,  King  of  Jerusalem. 

2.  Second  Crusade,  A.  D.  1147-1149.— Edessa  captured  by  the 
Mohammedans,  and  Jerusalem  threatened.  Europe  aroused 
by  the  eloquence  of  St.  Bernard,  Abbot  of  Clairvaux.  Two 
armies,  consisting  of  1,200,000  men,  led  by  Louis  Vll.,  King 
of  France,  and  Conrad  HI.,  emperor  of  Germany.  Failure; 
return  of  the  fragments  to  Europe,  after  utter  inability  to 
reduce  Damascus, 

3.  Third  Crusade,  A.  D.  1189-1192.— Kingdom  of  Jerusalem 
terminated,  in  1187,  by  the  capture  of  the  city  by  Salad  in, 
the  aspirant  to  universal  Mohammedan  supremacy.  Crusade 
under  Frederic  Barbarossa,  of  Germany;  Philip  Augustus, 
king  of  France ;    and  Richard   Coeur  de  Lion,    of  England. 


44         Outline  History  of  the  Church. 

Disunion  among  the  Crusaders,  but  a  treaty  made  with  Sal- 
adin  exempting  the  Christian  pilgrims  from  taxes. 

4.  Fourth  Crusade^  A.  D.  1203. — Determined  upon  by  Pope 
Innocent  III.  Christendom  not  in  a  condition  to  organize 
one.  The  beginnings  of  an  army  met  at  Venice,  but  never 
went  to  Palestine.  Baldwin,  Count  of  Flanders,  leader. 
Some  writers  claim  as  the  fourtn  Crusade  an  expedition  or- 
ganized in  1217  by  Andrew  II.,  of  Hungaiy,  who,  supported 
by  the  kings  of  Jerusalem  and  Cyprus,  took  a  fortress  and 
gome  forts  on  Mount  Tabor,  and  returned  home  in  1218. 

5.  T?ie  Boy  Crusade,  A.  D.  1212.— Conducted  by  Stephen 
of  Vendome,  a  shepherd  boy.  He  was  followed  by  30,000 
children  of  about  twelve  years  of  age.  They  set  sail  from 
Marseilles  for  Palestine  in  seven  ships ;  two  wrecked ;  the  re- 
raainder  reached  Egypt,  where  the  children  were  sold  as 
slaves. 

6.  Fifth  Crusade,  A.  D.  1228,  1229.— Commenced  by  Fred- 
erick II.,  emperor  of  Germany.  Terminated  in  ten  years  by  a 
treaty  between  him  and  the  Sultan  of  Egypt,  when  Palestine 
was  ceded  to  the  emperor,  who  returned  to  Germany. 

7.  Sixth  Crusade,  A.  D.  1248. — Palestine  invaded  by  Turks 
in  1244;  Jerusalem  captured  and  pillaged.  Crusade  con- 
ducted by  Louis  IX.,  (St.  Louis,)  of  France.  Taken  prisoner 
by  the  Sultan  of  Egypt,  but  ransomed,  and  restored  to  lib- 
erty in  1250. 

8.  Seventh  Crusade,  A.  D.  1270-1272.— First  undertaken  by 
St.  Louis,  of  France,  but  after  his  death,  in  Tunis,  conducted 
by  Edward  I.,  of  England.  Failure;  return  of  Edward  to 
England.     The  country  in  possession  of  the  Mohammedans. 

3.  Benefits  ot  the  Crusades.— Union  of  the  conflicting 
nations  of  Europe  for  a  common  good;  the  equalization  of 
the  social  classes ;  development  of  maritime  commerce  ;  inter- 
change of  Eastern  and  Western  thought ;  introduction  of 
Eastern  arts  and  sciences  into  Europe;  growth  of  populai 
liberty  in  Europe ;  organizations,  such  as  the  Knights  of  St 
Tohu,  for  the  care  of  the  wounded  and  sick. 


Outline  History  of  the  Church.        45 


CHAPTER    III. 

BEPORMATORY     MOVEMENTS. 
A.  D.   1170-1457. 

1  Arnold  of  Brescia. — One  of  the  earliest  attempts  at  re- 
form was  the  protest  of  Arnold,  of  Brescia,  in  1134,  against 
the  corruptions  of  the  papacy.  There  was  a  deep-seated 
conviction  in  the  most  serious  circles  throughout  the  twelfth 
century,  which  continued  until  its  development  in  the  Refor- 
mation, that  reform  was  necessary. 

2.  The  Waldenses. — They  arose  from  Peter  Waldo,  A.  D. 
1170,  a  citizen  of  Lyons,  who  taught  that  the  Church  had 
become  corrupt;  that  the  Gospel  must  be  preached  in  sim- 
plicity and  power;  and  that  the  Bible  is  its  own  best  inter- 
preter, and  the  only  infallible  rule  of  life  and  doctrine.  At 
first  his  followers  were  monks,  but  they  developed  into  a 
distinct  and  pure  community,  which  has  continued  in  the 
Valleys  of  Piedmont  to  the  present  time. 

There  is  at  present  great  activity  in  the  Waldensian  Church,  owing  to  the 
freedom  of  Protestant  efforts  in  Italy.  There  are  sixteen  Churches,  or  general 
congregations,  connected  with  the  oraranization — ten  in  Italy,  six  in  Switzerland, 
and  a,  strong  colony  in  Kosario,  a  South  American  center  of  extreme  Romanism. 
These  local  societies  support  an  orphanage,  two  hospitals,  a  large  number  of 
private  schools,  four  higher  schools  and  colleges,  and  a  theological  seminary. 
This  last  is  situated  in  Florence,  and  has  nineteen  students.  There  are  three 
journals  and  one  theological  magazine  published  by  the  Waldenses.  In  1855 
the  legislative  body  of  the  denomination  organized  a  missionary  force,  a  kind  of 
flying  artillery,  for  working  in  Italy  alone.  These  missionaries  have  now  de- 
veloped into  great  strength,  and  combine  many  elements  of  the  Methodist  itin- 
erancy. The  number  of  missicnaries  exceeds  that  of  the  regular  pastors.  The 
Waldensian  day-schools  in  Italy  are  attended  by  1,700  scholars,  and  there  are 
thirty-eight  Sunday-schools^,  with  1.142  scholars.  About  each  of  the  sixteen 
Churches  there  is  a  group  of  smaller  ones,  which  might  be  called  preaching 
places,  or  small  societies.  For  example,  the  Waldenses  have  actually  in  Italy 
thirty-eight  societies,  two  of  these  being  in  Eome.  The  total  membership  is 
from  20,000  to  8u,000,  with  50  ordained  ministers.— Cf.  Annitaire  de  VEglise 
Evangdique  Vaudois,  pour  1874. 

3.  The  Cathari  and  Albigenses,  organizations  of  similar 
character,  were  likewise  persecuted.  The  former  held  opin- 
ions of  Manichaean  tendency,  and  members  were  found  in 
every  European  country.  The  Lateran  Council  of  1179  de- 
clared against  them.  The  Albigenses  were  free  from  Mani- 
chaean sympatliies.     They  became  very  strong,  particularly 


46         Outline  History  of  the  Church. 

among  the  laboring  classes;  but  were  excommunicated  by 
the  papal  officers^  and  violently  treated. 

4.  Wiclif  and  the  First  Englisli  Reformers.— Birth  of 
John  Wiclif,  of  Oxford,  England,  A.  D.  1324.  He  made  his 
first  great  effort  at  reform  in  the  Church  in  his  work  on  the 
"  Last  Age  of  the  Church,"  which,  with  his  many  other  writings 
against  prevalent  abuses,  had  great  influence  in  preparing  the 
way  for  the  Reformation.  He  began  his  translation  of  the 
Bible  into  English  in  1380;  died  1384.  Other  English  re- 
formers: Cranraer,  Colet,  Latimer,  Hooper,  Ridley. 

5.  Huss  and  his  Followers.  —  Birth  of  John  Huss,  of 
Bohemia,  A.  D.  1378.  He  adopted  the  teachings  contained 
in  Wiclif's  writings,  which  Jerome  Faulfisch,  (Jerome  of 
Prague,)  who  had  just  returned  from  Oxford,  had  brought 
with  him.  Huss  preached  boldly  against  the  corruptions  and 
errors  of  the  Romish  Church.  First  imprisoned,  and  after- 
ward summoned  to  the  Council  of  Constance.  Condemned  at 
this  place,  and,  together  with  his  writings,  burned  at  the  stake 
in  1415.  Jerome  was  burned  the  following  year.  The  Hussite 
war  arose  in  Bohemia  in  consequence  of  the  harsh  treatment 
of  the  sympathizers  with  the  views  of  Huss  by  the  Roman 
Catholic  authorities. 

6.  Moravian  Brethren. — Formation  of  the  Church  of  the 
Bohemian  (and  Moravian)  Brethren,  A.  D.  1457,  from  the 
remnant  of  the  Hussites,  or  followers  of  Huss,  who,  since  his 
death,  had  assumed  somewhat  of  a  political  character.  The 
Bohemian  Brethren  were  afterward  revived  in  the  eighteenth 
century  by  Zinzendorf,  and  now  exist  as  the  Moravian  Church. 

7.  The  Mystics. — About  the  middle  of  the  fourteenth  cen- 
tury a  class  of  men  called  Mystics  began  to  have  great  influ- 
ence in  the  Church.  They  opposed  the  subtle  speculations 
of  controversial  writers,  and  laid  great  stress  on  the  emotional 
nature  and  special  communications  of  the  Holy  Spirit.  The 
leaders  were  John  Tauler,  (died,  1361,)  Henry  Suso,  (died, 
1465,)  John  Ruysbroek,  (died,  1381,)  Gerard  Groot,  (died, 
1384,)  Radewin,  (died,  1400,)  Thomas  a  Kempis,  (died,  1471.) 

8.  Savonarola  and  his  Politico-Religious  Reform.— 
Jerome  Savonarola  preached  in  Florence  against  the  abuses 
of  Romanism,  A.  D.  1480-1497.     His  error  was  in  combining 


Outline  Histoey  of  the  Church.         47 

political  measures  with  religious  reform.  He  effected  the 
downfall  of  the  Medici,  the  ruling  princely  family ;  suffered 
martyrdom  in  Florence  in  1498. 


CHAPTER   IV. 

LATTER  PERIOD  OF  THE  DARK  AGES. — THE  AGE  OF  INNOCENT 
AND  THE  COUNCILS. — DAWN  OP  REFORM  IN  THE  CHURCH. 

A.  D.  1198-1517. 

1.  Mendicant  Orders. — During  this  period  monasticism 
reached  its  climax.  For  example,  in  France,  the  Abbacy  of 
Clugny  consisted  of  a  separate  Benedictine  congregation,  and 
grew  to  great  proportions,  standing  in  that  country  alone  at 
the  head  of  two  thousand  monasteries.  The  Carmelites  in 
Italy  were  very  numerous,  and  exerted  great  influence.  The 
older  Orders  became  secular  and  corrupt,  and  a  number  of 
mendicant  Orders  were  established,  not  only  as  a  reaction 
against  the  failure  of  the  wealthy  organizations  to  meet  the 
spiritual  exigencies  of  the  times,  but  as  a  relief  to  the  general 
dissoluteness  of  the  Church.  They  were  encouraged  by  the 
papacy,  which,  in  turn,  was  strengthened  by  the  Orders.  Dur- 
ing the  thirteenth  century  there  was  a  rapid  increase  of  them, 
and  this  diminished  their  power  and  significance.  By  the 
Council  of  Lyons  they  were  reduced  from  twenty-three  to 
four:  Dominicans,  Franciscans,  Carmelites,  and  Hermits  of 
Augustine.  The  Beguins  and  Beghards  were  condemned  and 
persecuted.  A  few  of  the  communities  still  exist  in  Belgium 
alone. 

2.  Beginnings  of  the  Inquisition. — The  first  in-  a.  d. 
quisitorial  measure  adopted  by  the  Roman  Catholics  1229, 
was  at  the  fourth  Lateran  Council  (1215),  against  a  revival  of 
the  Albigenses.  But  the  Synod  of  Toulouse  (1229)  was  the 
first  body  to  organize  a  regular  Inquisition.  All  so-called 
heretics  were  hunted  out  with  cruel  persistence,  and  any 
Romanist  who  spared  one  was  deprived  of  both  office  and 
property.     Courad  of  Marburg,  the  first  Grand  Inquisitor  of 


4:8        Outline  History  of  the  Church.  • 

Germany,  was  slain  by  a  German  noble.  Great  contest  be- 
tween the  pope  and  the  house  of  Hohenstaufen ;  terminated 
in  favor  of  the  pope. 

3.  Scholasticism.— Scholasticism  arose  in  the  schools  con- 
nected with  the  cathedrals  and  monasteries,  and  consisted  in 
the  application  of  dialectics  to  Christian  theology.  The 
Schoolmen  held  that  theology  could  be  developed  by  specu« 
lation,  and  that  Christian  truth  could  be  made  clear  and 
forcible  by  logical  analysis.  The  mediaeval  universities  were 
the  centers  of  the  scholastic  disputations.  The  Schoolmen 
fell  into  two  great  divisions  —  the  orthodox  and  skeptical. 
The  writings  of  Aristotle  underlay  the  whole  scholastic  sys- 
tem. The  interpretation  of  the  Scriptures  was  neglected  ia 
the  Church  during  the  supremacy  of  scholastic  controversy. 

4.  Thomists  and  Scotists. — Thomas  Aquinas  teaching  at 
Paris.  Controversy  between  Thomists  (from  Thomas  Aquinas) 
A.  D.  and  Scotists,  (from  Duns  Scotus,)  the  former  adopt- 
1252.  ing,  in  philosophy,  the  system  of  Aristotle,  and,  in 
theology,  the  views  of  Augustine  on  sin  and  grace ;  the  latter, 
the  Platonic  philosophy  and  the  semi-Pelagian  theology.  The 
Thomists  denied  the  immaculate  conception  of  the  Virgin 
Mary,  while  the  Scotists  assumed  it. 

A.  D.  Development  of  educational  interests  in  England. 

1257.     Founding  of  the  University  of  Cambridge. 

5.  Climax  of  the  Papacy.— Schism. — The  papal  dominion 
at  its  utmost  height.     In  the  midst  of  the  temporal  prosperity 

A.  D.  of  Roman  Catholicism  the  influence  of  France  over 
1270.  the  papacy  became  supreme,  Clement  V.,  before  his 
election,  having  formed  a  secret  compact  with  Philip  the  Fair, 
of  France.  He  removed  the  seat  of  the  papacy  to  Avignon, 
A.  D.  France.  The  great  schism  in  the  papacy  lasted  nearly 
1308.  seventy  years,  from  1309  to  1377,  when  Gregoi-y  XI. 
removed  the  papal  court  again  to  Rome.  There  were  rival 
popes  at  Rome  and  Avignon.  This  whole  period  was  marked 
by  great  dissoluteness.  The  Romanists  call  it  their  Baby- 
lonian Captivity. 

A.  D.  End  of  the  Eastern,  or  Greek,  empire.     Const  untl- 

1453.     nople  captured  by  the  Turks  under  Mohar\med  11. 
The  Christians  granted  religious  freedom. 


Outline  History  of  the  Church.         49 

6.  Councils. — During  the  fifteenth  century  a  large  nunibei 
of  Church  councils  were  held,  some  favoring  a  reform  in  the 
Church,  and  others  bearing  on  the  papal  schism.  Two  of  the 
most  important  were  those  at  Constance,  1414,  1415 ;  and  at 
Basle,  1431-1437.  Fruitless  results  of  all  the  councils  and  of 
every  attempt  at  reform  in  the  Romish  Church.  The  papacy 
remained  purely  temporal  and  corrupt,  and  the  incumbents 
were  more  heathen  than  Christian  in  their  morals  and  schemes. 

Discovery  of  America  by  Christopher  Columbus.  a.  d. 
He  professed  to  be  animated  by  a  desire  to  projDa-  1492. 
gate  the  Christian  faith.  Conquest  of  Granada,  the  last  Mo- 
hammedan stronghold  in  Spain,  by  King  Ferdinand. 


PART    III. 

THE     MODERN     PERIOD. 
A.  D.  1517-1880. 


CHAPTER    I. 


THE   REFORMATION. — WARS   OF   THE    PAPACY  AND  PROTESTANT- 
ISM.— FROM   LUTHER   TO   THE   PEACE   OF    WESTPHALIA. 

A.  D.  1517-1648. 

1.  The  Reformation.— Causes.— Luther.— There  were  vari- 
ous causes  contributing  to  the  growth  of  the  spirit  of  religious 
reform  :  Rise  of  Humanism,  or  the  study  of  classical  science, 
(Reuchlin,  Colet,  Erasmus,  More  ;)  invention  of  the  art  of 
printing ;  discovery  of  America ;  growth  of  the  desire  for 
popular  liberty ;  increase  of  intelligence  among  the  masses. 

Inauguration   of  the  German  Reformation  by  the      a.  d. 
publication  of  Luther's  ninety  five  theses.  1517. 

2.  German  Reformers.  —  1.  Luther.— K&rtm  Luther  waa 
born  atEisleben,  Germany,  1483;  studied  at  Erfurt,  1501-4; 
taught  at  Wittenberg,  1508  ;  visited  Rome,  1511  ;  published 
nis  theses,  1517 ;  burnt  the  pope's  bull  against  him.  1520 ;  sum- 
mcn«>d  for  defense  to  the  Diet  at  Worms,  1521  ;  published  his 


50         Outline  History  of  the  Cpiurch. 

translation  of  the  New  Testament,  1523;  married  Catharine 
von  Bora,  1535 ;  published  a  complete  and  thoroughly  re- 
vised translation  of  the  entire  Bible  in  1542;  died  at  the 
place  of  his  birth,  1546. 

2.  Melanchthon. — Philip  Melanchthon,  the  greatest  theo- 
logian of  the  Reformation  and  coadjutor  of  Luther,  bom 
1497 ;  taught  at  Tubingen  University,  1514 ;  called  to  Witten- 
berg, 1|?^18;  published  his  "Loci  Theologici,''  1521;  issued 
commentaries  on  the  Nevi^  Testament  and  parts  of  the  Old ; 
framed  the  Augsburg  Confession,  which  gave  a  doctrinal 
basis  to  the  Reformation,  1530 ;  was  long  the  trusted  friend 
of  Luther;  died,  1560. 

3.  Eramivs. — Erasmus,  of  Rotterdam,  born  in  1467.  In  his 
satirical  work,  "Praise  of  Folly,"  he  held  up  the  abuses  of 
Romanism  to  contempt,  and  contributed  greatly  to  the  prep- 
aration for  the  work  of  Luther.  He  revived  the  critical 
study  of  the  Bible,  especially  the  New  Testament,  for  the 
first  time  since  the  patristic  period.  He  often  vacillated 
between  Rome  and  Wittenberg ;  general  influence  was  favor- 
able to  the  Reformation.     Died  1536. 

4.  Princes, — Frederick  the  Wise,  Elector  of  Saxony;  his 
successor,  John  the  Steadfast;  and  Philip  of  Hesse.  The 
number  of  knights  and  other  noblemen  who  joined  the  Prot- 
estant cause  rapidly  increased.  Many  of  them  were  personal 
friends  of  the  reformatory  theologians. 

3.  Swiss  Reformers. — 1.  Zwingli. —  Ulric  Zwingli,  born  in 
1484,  preached  against  the  worship  of  the  Virgin  Mary  at 
Einsiedeln,  1516 ;  died,  1530.     Bullinger  was  his  successor. 

2.  Calvin. — John  Calvin,  born  in  France,  1509 ;  fled  because 
of  his  Protestant  principles  to  Basle,  1534 ;  published  his  "  Insti- 
tutes," 1536 ;  lived  in  Geneva,  1536-1538 ;  then  banished,  and 
resided  in  Strasburg,  1538-1541;  returned  to  Geneva,  1541, 
and  lived  there  until  his  death,  1564.  Theodore  Beza,  bom 
1519,  died  1601,  was  his  successor  in  extending  and  building 
up  the  Swiss  Reformation. 

3.  Farel. — William  Farel,  born,  1489;  native  of  the  French 
Alps ;  pioneer  of  the  Reformation  in  Dauphin6  and  Switzer- 
land;  a  most  intrepid  assailant  of  the  Roman  Catholic 
Church ;  died,  1565. 


JUJirumhols.   del/. 


Outline  History  of  the  Church.         55 

4.  Extension  of  the  Reformation.— Rapid  spread  of  the 
Keformation  in  the  German  countries,  Switzerland,  Holland, 
Scandinavia,  Great  Britain,  France,  Northern  Italy,  Poland, 
Hungary,  and  Transylvania.  Persecution  of  the  Protestants 
every-where,  but  most  violent  in  Holland,  France,  and  Italy. 
There  were  attempts  at  reform  in  Spain  and  Portugal,  but  of  a 
transient  character. 

Coronation  of  Charles  V.,  Emperor  of  Germany,  the      a.  d. 
great  opponent  of  the  Reformation.      Pope  Leo  X.     1520. 
allied  himself  with  him  for  the  suppression  of  Protestantism. 

Formation  at  Nuremberg  of  the  Catholic  or  Holy      a.  d. 
Alliance,  a  league  between  the  emperor  and  the  Ro-     153§. 
man  Catholic  princes  against  the  Protestants  for  eleven  years. 

5.  Order  of  Jesuits.— Organization  of  the  Society  a.  d. 
of  Jesus,  (Jesuits.)  Ignatius  Loyola,  the  first  chief  1540. 
of  the  Order.  Its  object  was  to  support  and  promote  the 
Roman  Catholic  religion  by  dividing  and  counteracting  the 
growing  Protestantism,  and,  by  indefatigable  missionary  la- 
bors, to  gain  great  territorial  advantages.  Francis  Xavier, 
the  greatest  Jesuit  missionary.  The  ethical  creed  of  the 
Order:  1.  The  end  sanctifies  the  means;  2.  Probabilism ; 
3.  Mental  reservations ;  4.  Distinction  between  philosophical 
and  theological  sins. 

Council  of  Trent,  1545-1563.     The  object  of  this      a.  d. 
council  was  to  counteract  the  Reformation.  1545. 

Defeat  of  the  Protestants  at  Miihlberg,  and  termination  of 
the  Schmalkaldic  War,  which  had  been  entered  upon  A.  d. 
by  Luther's  followers  shortly  after  his  death.  Tedi-  1547. 
ous  controversies  in  the  Protestant  Church  of  Germany  and 
Switzerland  succeeding  the  Reformation,  and  inducing  a  period 
of  great  religious  decline.  Among  them  were  the  Adiaphor- 
istic,  Synergistic,  and  Crvpto-Calvinistic  controversies. 

6.  The  English  Reformation. — Its  commencement  was 
connected  with  political  affairs.  Henry  VIH.,  of  England, 
became  involved  in  difliculty  with  the  pope,  Clement  VII., 
because  of  the  latter's  hesitation  in  declaring  the  king's  mar- 
riage with  Catharine  of  Arragon  illegal.  This  was  the  begin- 
ning of  the  alienation  of  the  royal  family  from  the  papacy. 
During  Henry's  reign  Roman  Catholicism  lost  its  main  hold 


56         Outline  History  of  the  Church. 

on  England ;  tlie  pope's  supremacy  was  rejected ;  monasteries 
suppressed ;  the  Bible  circulated  in  the  language  of  the 
people ;  a  religious  formulary  adopted.  Some  Romish  prac- 
tices and  doctrines  were,  however,  retained  even  at  his  death, 
such  as  the  seven  sacraments,  the  corporeal  presence  in  the 
eucharist,  denial  of  the  cup  to  the  laity,  auricular  confession, 
celibacy  of  the  clergy,  and  nearly  the  whole  ceremonial  of 
the  mass.  Yet  these  were,  in  doctrine,  eliminated  from  the 
English  Church. 

7.  English  Reformers. — Ridley  and  Latimer,  English  re- 
formers, burnt  at  the  stake  at  Oxford   during  the  reign  of 

A.  D.  Queen  Mary,  the  successor  of  Edward  VI.,  mMio  had 
1555.  followed  Henry  VIIL  Cranmer  suffered  martyrdom 
in  1556.  Mary  persecuted  the  Protestants  with  great  violence. 
John  Rogers,  burned  at  Smithfield,  was  the  first  victim ;  then 
came  Bishops  Hooper  and  Ferrar,  Dr.  Rowland  Taylor, 
Laurence  Saunders,  and  others.  Many  leading  reformers, 
at  least  one  thousand,  were  exiled,  some  going  to  Stras- 
burg,  others  to  Zurich,  Geneva,  and  Frankfort-on-the-Main. 
Among  them  were  Bishops  Poinet,  Barlow,  Scory,  Coverdale, 
and  Bale. 

Under  the  reign  of  Queen  Elizabeth  (1558-1603)  Protestant- 
ism became  established  in  England,  though  efforts  were  still 
made  to  reinstate  Roman  Catholicism. 

8.  The  Puritans.— The  English  Puritans,  probably  derived 
from  Puritani,  or  Cathari,  of  the  third  century,  dissented 
from  certain  forms  and  doctrines  of  the  Church  of  England ; 
some  inclined  to  the  opinions  of  Luther,  others  to  those  of 
Calvin.  They  objected  to  many  things  in  the  Book  of  Com- 
mon Prayer ;  to  kneeling  at  the  sacrament ;  to  the  cross  in  the 
baptismal  service ;  to  sponsors,  and  to  lay  baptism ;  to  bow 
ing  at  the  name  of  Jesus ;  to  the  episcopacy,  and  forms  of 
prayer.  The  English  Puritans  are  represented  in  :wr  day 
chiefly  by  the  Independents,  or  Congregationalists.  Landing 
of  the  Mayflower,  with  the  first  pilgrim  colonists,  one  hun- 
dred and  two  in  number,  at  Plymouth,  Massachusetts,  in  1620. 
By  1648  there  were  21,000  inhabitants,  chiefly  Puritan,  in  New 
England. 

During  the  former  half  of  ^he  ce^pnteenth  century  the  Crown 


Outline  IIistoky  of  the  Chukch.         57 

and  Parliament  of  England  were  in  perpetual  conflict;  At  last 
the  Presbyterians,  and  then  the  Independents,  under  Crom- 
well, gained  possession  of  the  realm. 

9.  Arminius.— Synod  of  Dort.— James  Arminius,  born  15G0. 
He  went  in  1582  to  Geneva,  where  he  was  instructed  by  Theo- 
dore Beza ;  preacher  at  Amsterdam,  1588 ;  professor  at  Ley- 
den,  1603;  died,  1609.  He  rigidly  opposed  the  predes- 
tinarian  views  of  the  Calvinists.  He  was  falsely  accused 
of  Arianism  and  Pelagianism.  He  was  an  earnest  defender 
of  religious  toleration ;  in  fact,  "  the  Arminians  of  Hol- 
land were  the  real  fathers  of  religious  toleration  on  the 
Continent;  they  were  the  first  society  of  Protestants,  who, 
when  in  possession  of  power,  granted  the  same  liberty  of 
conscience  for  others  which  they  claimed  for  themselves." 
Public  conference  between  Arminius  and  Gomarus,  1609. 
After  the  death  of  the  former  his  opinions  spread  rapidly. 
Uitenbogaard  and  Episcopius  at  the  head  of  the  Arminians. 
Arminian  tenets  began  to  prevail  in  England.  Synod  of 
Dort,  in  Holland,  1618,  1619.  Its  decrees  strictly  Calvinistic. 
Toleration  w^as  refused  the  Remonstrants  until  the  death  of 
Maurice,  1630.  Its  resolutions  were  adopted  in  portions  of 
the  Netherlands,  France,  Switzerland,  and  parts  of  Germany, 
but  not  by  the  Anglican  Church.  The  provinces  of  Fries- 
land,  Zealand,  Utrecht,  Guelderland,  and  Groningen  rejected 
its  decisions. 

10.  Persecution  of  the  Huguenots.— Massacre  of  a.  d. 
French  Protestants  (Huguenots)  on  St.  Bartholomew's  1572, 
Night,  at  Paris;  70,000  people  killed.  Great  rejoicings  and 
public  thanksgiving  at  Rome.  Issue  of  the  Edict  of  Nantes, 
1598,  securing  to  the  French  Protestants  the  free  exercise  of 
their  religion. 

Revocation  of  the  Edict  of  Nantes,  1685.  The  French  Re- 
formers were  then  greatly  persecuted;  many  put  to  death; 
multitudes  driven  into  exile;  churches  destroyed. 

The  Gunpowder  Plot  in  London,  1605,  designed  to  pro- 
mote the  interests  of  the  Catholics. 

Founding  of  Jamestown,  Virginia,  the  first  English  a.  d. 
town  in  North  America,  by  the  London  Company.  1607 
The  Dutch  on  Manhattan  Island,  (New  York,)  1613. 


58  Outline  History  of  the  Church. 

11.  Self-Defense  of  Home. — Among  the  measures  used  by 
Rome  at  the  close  of  the  sixteenth  and  beginning  of  the 
seventeenth  centuries  were  the  following:  The  Inquisition; 
prohibition  and  expurgation  of  books  of  Protestant  pro- 
clivity ;  missionaries,  Jesuits,  and  congregations ;  political  in- 
trigues. The  outbreak  of  the  long-suppressed  social  and 
political  conflicts  between  Romanism  and  Protestantism  was 
at  hand. 

12.  Thirty  Years'  War.— This  was  the  first  general  European 
war.     It  arose  chiefly  from  the  conflicts  between  the  Protest- 

A.  D.  ants  and  Catholics  concerning  the  territorial 

1618-1648.  distribution  of  the  German  empire.  Parties: 
1.  Catholics :  The  Emperor  of  Germany,  The  League,  Spain, 
Belgium,  Italy,  and  Poland.  2.  Protestants:  The  Protestant 
States  of  Germany,  Holland,  England,  Denmark,  and  Sweden. 
Gustavus  Adolphus,  the  leader  of  the  Protestant  forces,  fell  at 
the  battle  of  Liitzen,  1631.  In  1632  the  Protestants  were  re- 
inforced by  France,  thus  converting  the  war  from  a  religious 
to  a  political  one.  By  the  Peace  of  Westphalia  (1648)  a  large 
measure  of  power  was  transferred  from  the  empero£  of  Ger- 
many to  national  diets;  the  Peace  of  Augsburg  (155ji)  and  that 
of  Passau  (1555)  were  confirmed ;  twenty-four  Protestants  were 
admitted  to  the  imperial  chamber;  Calvinists  and  Lutherans 
were  placed  on  an  equal  footing;  the  equilibrium  of  Europe  was 
effected  by  the  destruction  of  the  predominance  of  Austria; 
and  complete  religious  liberty  was  granted  the  Protestants. 


CHAPTER    IL 

FROM  THE  PEACE  OF  WESTPHALIA  TO  THE  WESLEYAN  REVI- 
VAL.—  THE  PERIOD  OP  RELIGIOUS  INDIFFERENCE  AND 
AWAKENING. 

A.  D.  1648-1739. 

At  the  close  of  the  Thirty  Years*  War  there  was  moral 
and  material  prostration  throughout  Germany.  Poverty  pre- 
vailed on  all  sides ;  desperation  was  the  chief  sentiment  of 
the  popular  mind. 


Outline  History  of  the  Church.  69 

1.  Pietism. — The  first  great  movement  in  Protestant  Ger- 
many that  indicated  religious  revival  was  inaugurated  by 
Spener,  (born  in  1635,)  the  founder  of  Pietism.  He  establiahed 
the  popular  interpretation  of  the  Scriptures,  lay  preaching, 
Bible  classes,  and  smaller  circles  of  religious  people  for  edifi- 
cation— eccleaioloB  in  ecdesia.  A.  H.  Francke,  founder  of  the 
Oiphan  House  at  Halle,  and  Professor  in  tlie  new  University 
of  the  same  city,  was  his  successor. 

2.  English  Deism.— Death  of  Thomas  Hobbes,  a.  d. 
the  most  voluminous  writer  of  the  English  Deistical  1679. 
school.  He  argued  that  might  constitutes  right,  and  that 
Christianity  is  a  fable.  Other  Deists  :  Lord  Herbert,  (died, 
1648;)  Charles  Blount,  (died,  1697;)  Earl  of  Shaftesbury, 
(died,  1713;)  Toland,  (died,  1722;)  WoUaston,  (died,  1724;) 
Collins,  (died,  1729;)  Mandeville,  (died,  1733;)  Woolston, 
(died,  1733;)  Tindal,  (died,  1733;)  Morgan,  (died,  1743;) 
Chubb,  (died,  1747;)  Lord  Bolingbroke,  (died,  1751;)  Hume, 
(died,  1766;)  Gibbon,  (died,  1794.) 

3.  Replies  to  the  Deists.— Important  replies  to  the  De- 
ists were  written  by  Stillingfleet,  Baxter,  Cudworth,  Taylor, 
Bentley,  Sherlock,  Chandler,  Stackhouse,  Waterland,  Leland, 
Conybeare,  Bishop  Butler,  Paley,  Leslie,  and  Bishop 
Watson,  ("Apology  for  the  Bible.")  Many  of  the  replies, 
however,  were  very  feeble,  contained  serious  concessions, 
and  were  actually  injurious  to  the  cause  they  were  designed 
to  promote.  Bishop  Butler's  was  by  far  the  best,  and  its 
service  was  of  incalculable  magnitude. 

The  English  Revolution.     William  and  Mary  on      a.  d. 
the  English  throne.  16§8. 

4.  Swedenborgianism.  —  Birth  of  Swedenborg,  (1688,) 
founder  of  the  New  Jerusalem  Church,  or  Swedenborgians. 
The  first  period  of  his  life  was  occupied  in  scientific  pursuits, 
and  was  in  the  employ  of  the  Swedish  Government  as  super- 
intendent of  mines.  Relinquishing  these  studies,  he  engaged 
solely  in  religious  speculations.  He  professed  to  have  inter- 
course with  the  spiritual  world,  and  gave  minute  descriptions 
of  it;  distinguished  between  the  Divine  Word  and  Scripture, 
the  spirit  and  the  letter ;  he  claimed  that  the  epistles  of  Paul, 
Peter,  James,  and  John  lack  the  Divine  sense. 


OUij.iNE  History  of  the  Chukch. 

5.  Missions  to  Foreign  Countries.— The  Dutch,  who  had 
»n  extensive  commerce  in  the  East  Indies,  established  missions 

A.  D.  in  Ceylon  and  Java.  The  Danes  founded  a  mission 
1697,  on  the  coast  of  Tranquebar,  in  the  East  Indies.  The 
Roman  Catholics  hoped,  by  inaugurating  missions,  to  regain 
the  teriitorial  control  which  they  had  lost  in  Europe  by  Prot- 
estantism ;  they  sent  missionaries  to  all  the  lands  formerly 
occupied  by  the  Eastern  Church,  and  to  China,  Japan,  Africa, 
and  South  America. 

6.  Moravianism.— Founding  of  the  Moravian  Church,  oi 
United  Brethren,  by  Count  Zinzendorf,  born  in  Saxony,  1700. 

A.  D.  He  traveled  through  Europe  and  in  America  to  bind 
1722.  together  dispersed  Christians.  He  died  in  1760.  The 
Moravians  established  missions  early  in  various  lands :  in 
Greenland  in  1722,  and,  in  ten  years,  others  in  Africa  and  the 
East  and  West  Indies. 

7.  Wesley,  and  English  Methodism.— General  religious 
decline  in  England.  French  frivolity  and  native  Deism 
prevailed  in  the  upper  classes ;  the  lower  were  vicious  and 
neglected.      The  clergy  were  ungodly.     Reform  took  place 

A.  D.  through  the  Wesley  an  movement.  Organization  of 
1739.  the  British  Wesleyan  Church.  Birth  of  John  Wes- 
ley, the  founder  of  Methodism,  at  Epworth,  England,  in  1703. 
He  began  his  studies  at  Oxford  in  1729,  and  became  a  Fellow 
there ;  labored  among  the  poor  and  neglected,  and  was  at  the 
head  of  a  small  society  of  pious  young  men,  called,  in  con- 
temjDt,  the  "Holy  Club,"  of  which  his  brother  Charles  and 
George  Whitefield  were  members.  He  went  to  Georgia  as  a  mis- 
sionary in  1735,  and  returned  in  two  years  to  England ;  was 
converted  through  the  influence  of  Jacob  Bohler,  a  Moravian, 
in  1738,.  and  founded  the  first  Methodist  society  in  the  fol- 
lowing year.  The  societies  multiplied  rapidly,  though  the 
use  of  the  churches  of  the  Establishment  was  denied  John 
Wesley,  Whitefield,  and  their  coadjutors.  John  Wesley  died 
in  1791.  While  both  the  brothers  wrote  many  hymns,  Charlef 
Wesley's  chief  contribution  to  the  growth  of  Methodism  lay 
in  this  department.  He  was  born  1708,  and  died  1788. 
George  Wliitefield,  born  1714,  died  1770.  John  Fletcher, 
born   1729,   died    1785.      The   last  was   the    leadinio:  contro- 


OuTi.iNE  History  of  the  Church.         61 

rersial  writer  in  early  Methodist  history.  Joseph  Benson, 
preacher  and  commentator,  born  1748,  died  1821.  Adam 
Chirke,  the  chief  commentator  and  linguist  of  Methodism, 
bom  1762,  died  1832.  Richard  Watson,  born  1781,  and  died 
in  1833.  He  was  the  author  of  the  doctrinal  standard  of 
Methodism,  the  "  Theological  Institutes." 


CHAPTER    III. 

BKEPTICISM     AND    REACTION. — THE    EUROPEAN    CHURCH   PROM 
THE    WESLEYAN   REVIVAL   TO   THE   PRESENT   TIME. 

A.  D.  1739-1880. 

The  latest  period  of  the  history  of  the  European  Church 
has  been  distinguished  by  remarkable  movements.  The 
skepticism  of  Germany,  French  atheism,  Dutch  pantheism, 
and  English  deism,  affected  every  class  of  society  and  each 
department  of  thought  and  life.  The  French  Revolution  of 
1789,  violent  as  it  was,  was  the  means  by  which  feudalism 
was  first  swept  away  from  Europe.  Though  the  immediate 
effect  was  the  production  of  the  centralized  Napoleonic  su- 
premacy, the  remote  result  was  the  increase  of  popular  liberty 
_n  the  various  countries.  The  old  doctrine  of  the  divine  right 
of  kings  fully  lost  its  hold.  The  last  series  of  wars  began 
with  the  Crimean  War — one  of  the  greatest  blunders  and  most 
unnecessary  conflicts  in  modern  history — and  terminated  with 
the  late  war  between  Germany  and  France,  and  the  fall  of 
the  French  Empire. 

1.   German  Rationalism.— Rationalism   is  a.  d. 

that  tendency  of  thought  which  makes  the  1750-1  §00. 
reason  the  sole  umpire  in  all  matters  of  faith.  The  philoso- 
phy of  Leibnitz  and  Wolf,  strengthened  by  that  of  Descartes 
and  Spinoza,  gave  German  Rationalism  its  first  philosophical 
basis.  It  was  strengthened  and  endowed  with  a  grosser  type 
of  unbelief  by  the  Frenchmen  Bayle,  Montesquieu,  Baron 
d' Hoi  bach,  Rousseau,  and  Voltaire.  The  court  of  Frederick 
the  Great  of  Prussia  exerted  a  skeptical  influence  upon  the 
whole  of  Europe.      Semler,   born  1721,   died    1791,   became 


()i         Outline  History  of  the  Church. 

Professor  of  Theology  in  Halle  in  1751.  He  was  the  real 
founder  of  German  Rationalism  in  its  relation  to  theology. 
Other  promoters  of  Rationalism  were  Ernesti,  Baumgart(;n, 
Morus,  Eichhorn,  and  Bahrdt.  It  continued  in  full  force  until 
Schleiermacher,  (born  1768,  died  1834,)  who  marked  the 
transition  from  the  old  infidelity  to  moderate  orthodoxy. 
Neander,  the  Church  historian,  was  the  initial  character  of 
the  new  evangelical  period.  Strauss  and  the  Tubingen  school 
have  been  the  agents  of  a  revival  of  Rationalism  in  Germany. 
Strauss'  Life  of  Jesus,  published  in  1835,  was  an  attempt  to 
dissolve  the  whole  career  of  Christ  into  myth.  His  latest 
work,  ''The  Old  and  the  New  Faith,"  is  the  boldest  skep- 
tical production  of  his  life.  He  died  in  1874.  The  incon- 
sistent and  gloomy  creed  of  Strauss,  as  expressed  by  him 
in  his  latest  production,  is  well  described  as  follows  by  the 
Rev.  B.  P.  Bowne  :— 

1.  1  believe  there  is  no  God.  2.  I  believe  there  is  no  soul.  3.  I  believe  that 
i-eligiun  springs  from  selfish  fear.  4.  1  believe  that  such  a  religion  can  develop 
the  loftiest  and  most  unselfish  lives.  5.  I  believe  in  the  cosmos,  whiclj  is  at 
once  a  product  of  blind  necessity  and  also  free;  wliich  is  notiiing  but  matter, 
yet  has  aims,  plans,  reason;  which  seeks  to  transcend  itself,  and  actually  suc- 
ceeds. 6.  I  believe  that  man  is  a,  jtroduct  of  necessity,  and  that  he  ought  to 
rule  the  nature  which  governs  him.  1  believe  that  he  cannot  do  otherwise  than 
he  does,  but  that  he  ought  to  do  otherwise.  I  believe  that  the  cnsmos  is  a 
machine,  and  that  man  ought  to  resign  himself  with  loving  trust  and  sub- 
mission to  it.  7.  I  believe  that  art  is  more  than  an  equivalent  for  the  Bible. 
8.  I  believe  that  all  who  are  not  satisfied  with  these  teachings  are  low  in  the 
mental  and  moral  scale.  9.  1  believe  that  cause  and  effect  are  one ;  as, 
other^\^se,  I  should  be  under  the  disagreeable  necessity  of  believing  in  God. 

The  German  Protestant  Association,  headed  by  Schcnkcl 
of  Heidelberg,  is  a  new  organization  of  skeptics  within  the 
German  Church.  Their  only  good  service  is  a  persistent 
efi'ort  to  divorce  Church  and  State  in  the  German  empire. 
The  tendencies  of  German  Rationalism  are  at  present  mate- 
rialistic, and,  as  before,  pantheistic. 

2.  Replies  to  the  Rationalists. — The  chief  Continental  re- 
plies are  by  Neander,  Tholuck,  Nitzsch,  Ullmann,  Riggenbach, 
Van  Oosterzee,  Dorncr,  Lange,  Presseus6,  and  others.  Some 
of  their  works  have  been  translated  into  English.  These  re- 
plies to  the  rationalistic  writers  constitute  the  strongest  apol 
ogetical  literature  of  the  Church  since  the  fourth  century, 
and  are  of  invaluable  worth  to  Christian  theology.  The  main 
point  of  attack  and  defense  is  the  Gospel  history. 


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Outline  Histoky  of  the  Church.         cT 

German  War  of  Liberation  from  the  suprem-  a.  d, 

Acy  of  Napoleon  Bonaparte.     Battle  of  Water-     1$13-1$15. 
loo,  and  restoration  of  Louis  XVIIL  to  the  French  throne. 

3.  State   Church  of  Prussia.— The  Evangelical      a.  d. 
Union  established  in  Prussia.     This  is  the  Protest-     1817. 
ant  State  Church  of  that  country,  and  consists  of  an  accom- 
modation, or  union,  of  the  Reformed,  or  Calvinistic,  with  the 
Lutheran  bodies,  which  had  hitherto  existed  separately. 

4.  The  Irvingites. — A  sect  founded  by  Edward  a.  d. 
Irving,  (born  1793,  died  1834,)  of  Scotland.  He  1832. 
preached  in  the  Caledonian  Chapel  in  London ;  founded  his 
Society  (the  Irvingites)  in  1832.  He  was  a  preacher  of  rare 
gifts;  believed  in  special  endowments  of  the  Spirit,  such  as 
the  gift  of  tongues;  and  contended  for  the  renewal  of  the 
supposed  apostolic  offices  in  the  Church.  There  is  a  feeble 
body  of  Irvingites  in  Germany. 

5.  The  Tractarian  Movement— Between  1833  and  a.  d. 
1841  there  was  published  at  Oxford,  England,  a  series  1§33. 
of  tracts,  which  gave  rise  to  the  Tractarian  movement,  or 
High-Church  party,  in  the  later  history  of  the  Churcli  of 
England.  It  culminated  in  Tract  No.  90,  by  J.  H.  Newman, 
who  subsequently  became  a  pervert  to  Romanism.  Pusey, 
Keble,  and  Newman  were  the  Tractarian  leaders.  The  double 
effect  of  the  movement  has  been  to  cause  many  members  of 
the  Established  Church  either  to  become  Roman  Catholics, 
or,  remaining  in  their  own  fold,  to  become  extreme  ritualists. 

The  secessions  to  Rome  in  1850-51  were  over  one  hundred 
clergymen;  in  1852  there  were  over  two  hundred  clergy,  and 
as  many  laity.  The  present  distinctions  in  the  Church  of 
England  may  be  defined  as  follows :  High-Church,  (ritualistic, 
Puseyito) ;  Low-Church,  (Evangelical  and  active) ;  First  Broad- 
Church,  (moderately  rationalistic);  Second  Broad-Church,  (re- 
jecting authority,  thoroughly  rationalistic.) 

6.  Evangelical  Alliance. — Formation  of  the  Evan-     a.  d. 
gelical  Alliance  in  London.    All  Evangelical  Churches     1840. 
represented  in  it.     The  last  general  session   held  in  Basle, 
Switzerland,  September,  1879.     The  following  is  the  doctri- 
nal basis  of  the  Society: — 

1.  The  Divine  inspiration,  authority,  and  sufficiency  of  the 


68         Outline  History  of  the  Church. 

Holy  Scriptures.  2.  Rigli*  and  duty  of  private  judgment  in 
interpretation  of  the  holy  Scriptures.  3.  Unity  of  the  God- 
head, and  trinity  of  the  persons  therein.  4.  Depravity  oi 
human  nature  in  consequence  of  the  Fall.  5.  Incarnation  ot 
the  Son  of  God ;  his  work  of  atonement  for  sinners  and  man- 
kind, and  his  mediatorial  intercession  and  reign.  6.  Justifi- 
cation of  sinners  by  faith  alone.  7.  Work  of  the  Holy  Spirit 
in  the  conversion  and  sanctification  of  the  sinner.  8.  Immor- 
tality of  the  soul,  resurrection  of  the  body,  judgment  of  the 
world  by  our  Lord  Jesus  Christ,  with  the  eternal  blessedness 
of  the  righteous  and  the  eternal  punishment  of  the  wicked. 
9.  Divine  institution  of  the  Christian  ministry,  and  the  obli- 
gation and  perpetuity  of  the  ordinances  of  Baptism  and  the 
Lord's  Supper. 

7.  Later  History  of  Roman  Catholicism. — Declaration  by 
Pope  Pius  IX.  of  the  dogma  of  the  Immaculate  Conception. 

A.  D.  The  controversy  on  this  subject  began  in  the  Romish 
1§54.  Church  in  1140,  and  it  has  not  yet  ceased.  The  Jan- 
seuist  Bishops  united  in  a  protest  ngainst  the  dogma,  in  1856. 

A.  D.  The  Vatican  Council  at  Rome.  It  was  managed 
1§69.  by  the  Jesuits.  The  infallibility  of  the  Pope  w^as 
declared  a  permanent  dogma  of  Roman  Catholicism.  This 
was  resisted  by  some  of  the  principal  members  of  the  Coun- 
cil, but  to  no  pui-pose. 

8.  The  Old  Catholics. — Opposition  in  Germany  to  the  de- 
crees of  the  Vatican  Council  took  sliape  in  the  formation  of  the 
Old  Catholic  Church  in  1871.  Dollinger,  Huber,  and  Fried- 
rich,  of  Munich,  stand  at  the  head  of  the  movement.  It  is  a 
strong  protest  against  the  extreme  measures  and  retrogressive 
spirit  of  Rome,  and  has  already  attained  the  magnitude  of  a 
schism.  The  Old  Catholics  have  increased  with  great  rapid- 
ity. There  are  at  present  about  twenty  thousand  families  of 
this  faith  already  in  Germany,  which,  reckoned  at  four  mi-m- 
bers  to  a  family,  would  give  a  population  of  eighty  thousand. 
There  are  about  seventy  priests.  In  Bonn  University  there  are 
Old  Catholic  professors  engaged  in  teaching  theology.  In 
Switzerland  the  Old  Catholics  have  organized  under  the  name 
of  the  Swiss  Catholic  Christian  Church,  and  have  submitted 
their  constitution  to   the  approval  of   the  Government.     It 


Outline  History  of  the  Church.         09 

provides  for  a  National  Synod  to  meet  annnally,  and  to  be  coni' 
posed  of  the  bisliops,  the  members  of  the  Synodal  Council,  all 
the  Old  Catholic  priests,  and  lay  delegates.  The  Synodal 
Council  is  to  consist  of  nine  members,  and  is  to  have  execu- 
tive functions.  The  Synod  is  charged  with  the  election  of 
bishops 

The  following  is  a  summarj'  of  tlie  principles  of  the  Old  Catholics  :  Repudiation 
ofdoctiines  of  Immaculate  Conception  and  Papal  Infallibility;  modified  confes- 
sional, with  repudiation  of  priestly  power  to  forgive  sins;  fiiitli,  not  works,  the 
means  of  salvation  ;  the  Holy  Scrii)tures  as  the  primary  rule  of  faith;  rejection 
of  the  Apocrypha;  requirement  of  preaching  in  the  vulgar  tongue;  untena- 
bility  of  merit  of  saints  transferable  to  others;  baptism  and  the  Lord's  Supper 
are  the  chief  sacraments ;  invocation  of  the  saints  not  a  duty;  and  indulgences 
can  only  refer  to  penalties  inflicted  by  the  Church  itself. 

Father  Hyacintlie  does  not  contend  for  a  separation  from 
Roman  Catholicism,  but  for  purification  of  the  main  body  in 
all  its  members.  His  auditors  have  been  formally  excommu- 
nicated by  Pius  IX.  He  is  now  preaching  in  Paris.  Owing 
to  his  unwillingness  to  break  with  Rome,  his  influence  will 
hardly  be  appreciable. 

9.  Franco  -  German  War.  —  The  war  between  a.  d. 
France  and  Germany  resulted  in  the  defeat  of  France,  1870. 
and  the  revival  of  the  German  Empire,  with  William  I.,  king 
of  Prussia,  as  emperor  of  Germany.  The  French  troops  being 
withdrawn  from  Rome  for  duty  at  home,  the  army  of  Victor 
Emanuel  entered  the  city.  Rome  became,  in  1871,  the  capital 
of  Italy,  and  is  now  open  to  all  Protestant  confessions.  The 
Scotch  Free  Church,  the  British  Wesleyan,  the  American 
Methodist  Episcopal,  and  others,  have  already  erected  chapels 
and  commenced  services  within  the  walls.     The  Bible  is  free. 

The  following  statement  of  Rev.  Mateo  Prochet,  of  the  Waldensian  Church,  \vill 
show  very  clearly  the  activity  of  the  Protestant  world  in  prosecuting  missionary 
work  in  Italy,  and  particularly  in  Rome:  There  are  seven  distinct  missions  at 
work,  in  Italy,  namely:  1.  The  Metiiodist  Episcopal,  from  the  United  States 
of  America.  2.  The"  American  Baptists.  3.  The  English  Baptists.  4.  The 
English  Wesleyan  Metliodists,  divided  into  two  districts.  North  and  South. 
5.  A  portion  of  the  Free  Churches,  united  in  an  organization  called  "  Chiesa 
Libera,"  presided  over  by  a  cmninittee,  whose  foremen  are  Messrs.  M'Dougall 
(Scotch)  and  Gavazzi.  6.  The  Free  Churches  which  would  not  unite  with  Ga- 
vazzi  and  his  friends,  and  which  form  a  kind  of  confederation  chiefly,  if  not 
solely,  supported  through  the  instrumentality  of  Count  Guicciardini.  of  Flor- 
ence. 7.  The  ancient  Italian  Cliurch,  known  by  the  name  of  "  Chiesa  Valdese," 
or  Waldensian  Church.  The  total  membershii)  of  the  Mission  Churches  at 
work  in  Italy  is  4,882,  of  which  number  2,175  belong  to  the  Waldensians. 
They  employ  one  hundred  missionary  agents  as  pastors,  evangelists,  and  school- 
teachers. 


70         Outline  History  of  the  Church. 


CHAPTER  IV. 

THE    CHUKCH   IN   THE    UNITED   STATES. — CHRISTIANITY   IN    CON- 
NECTION  WITH   REPUBLICAN   INSTITUTIONS. 

A.  D.  1607-1880. 

1.  Religious  Character  of  American  Colonization. — The 

discovery  of  America  by  Christopher  Columbus,  in  1492,  was 
the  beginning  of  an  important  era  in  the  development  of 
ecclesiastical  and  religious  life.  The  new  land  was  regarded 
by  the  defeated  and  oppressed  adherents  of  various  faiths  in 
Europe  as  their  only  possible  home.  Not  the  love  of  adven- 
ture or  gold  was  the  prime  cause  of  the  colonization  of  this 
country,  but  the  love  of  religious  liberty  and  obedience  to 
the  conscience.  The  most  of  the  colonists  were  religious 
people.  The  charter  of  the  first  colony,  Virginia,  provided 
that  this  colony  should  have  a  religious  character.  The  Cava- 
liers came  to  Virginia  and,  with  the  Huguenots  and  German 
Protestants,  the  Carolinas;  the  Puritans  to  Massachusetts; 
the  Baptists  to  Rhode  Island;  the  Swedes  to  Delaware  and 
New  Jersey ;  the  Roman  Catholics  to  Maryland ;  and  perse- 
cuted Bohemians  and  Huguenots  to  New  York. 

The  New  World  furnished  a  new  sphere  of  development  for  the  Christian 
Church.  The  whole  period  from  1492  to  1776  was  only  the  planting  ot 
the  seed  for  the  future  and  real  growth.  The  Ancient  Churchy  from  the 
time  of  Constantine,  was  subject  to  the  State.  The  Meilhevnl  Church  was 
ever  contending  with  the  empire  for  supremacy.  Tiie  Modern  Earopfftn 
Church  is  a  union  of  Church  and  State.  The  American  Church  was  to  be- 
come free  from  the  State,  and  its  history  down  to  the  American  Revolution  is 
a  history  of  its  preparation  for  this  decisive  change,  and  for  the  new  era  in  the 
general  progress  of  Christianity.  The  New  World  was  from  tlie  beginning  a 
refuge  for  Protestantism,  though  its  eailiest  colonization  was  under  Roman 
Catholic  ntispices.  The  Antilles,  Central  and  South  America,  and  Florida,  be- 
came subiect  to  Spain  and  Portugal;  Acadia,  (Nova  Scotia.)  Canada,  the  north- 
ern lake  region,  and  the  Mississippi  Valley,  were  under  French  sway  more  than  a 
century ;  but  the  temperate  zone,  the  heart  of  the  northern  continent,  was  kept 
in  reserve  for  England,  Holland,  the  German  emigrants,  and  the  persecuted 
Huguenots.  The  Spaniards  came  in  armed  bands,  for  conquest ;  the  English 
In  families,  to  found  Churches  and  States.— Smith,  JOhronological  Tables  of 
Church  HUtory;  Pakkman,  Jesuits  in  America  ;  Pioneers  of  France  vt,  the 
New  World. 

2.  Periods  of  American  Chnrch  History,— There  are  five 
periods  in  the  history  of  the  American  Church :  A.  D. 

First  Period,  1607-1660,  a  time  of  exten-  1607-1875. 
Bive  revival  and  religious  progress. 


Outline  History  of  the  Church.         71 

Second  Period,  1660-1720,  time  of  trial;  war  with  "Kin« 
Philip;"  disputes  with  the  English  Government;  witchcraft; 
general  religious  decline. 

Third  Period,  1720-1750,  the  season  of  powerful  awaken- 
ings. The  great  revival  under  the  preaching  of  Edwards  began 
in  New  England  in  1734.  It  spread  throughout  the  colonies 
through  the  labors  of  Whitefield,  the  Tennents,  Blair,  Davies, 
and  others. 

Fourth  Period,  1750-1783,  powerful  political  agitation* 
culmination  of  conflict  with  England;  religious  prostration; 
freedom  from  British  rule.  During  the  Eevolutionary  War 
all  the  Churches  suffered  more  or  less,  and  for  twenty-five 
years  thereafter  the  progress  of  religion  was  slow,  hindered 
also  by  the  importation  of  French  infidelity. 
f-Ti?  Fifth  Period,  1878-1875,  from  the  establishment  of  inde- 
pendence from  England  to  the  close  of  the  civil  war  in  1865, 
and  the  sixth  session  of  the  Evangelical  Alliance  in  1873.  Great 
revivals  began  with  the  nineteenth  century,  and  since  1815 
the  growth  of  the  Church  has  kept  pace  with  the  population. 
Separation  of  Church  and  State  in  America  did  not  take  place 
with  the  founding  of  the  Government,  but  was  left  to  the 
legislation  of  the  several  States,  the  bond  not  fully  severed 
iu  the  statute  books  of  some  of  them  until  the  present  cen- 
tury. Massachusetts,  in  1833,  was  the  last  to  declare  perfect 
separation  of  Church  and  State. 

3.  The  Virginia  Colony.— Protestant  Episcopal  Church. 
— The  founding  of  the  Virginia  Colony  on  James  River  by 
Captain  John  Smith  and  other  members  of  the  Established 
Church  of  England  in  1607.  The  Rev.  Robert  Hunt  is  Said 
to  have  preached  the  first  sermon  in  English  on  the  American 
continent.  The  colony  divided  into  eleven  parishes  in  1619. 
The  Church  of  England  form  of  worship  prevailed  in  the  col- 
onies south  of  New  England. 

First  General  Convention  of  the  Protestant  Episcopal  Church 
of  the  United  States  in  Philadelphia,  representing  seven 
States,  1785.  Prayer  Book,  published  1786,  omitted  the  Ni- 
cene  and  Athanasian  Creeds,  the  descent  into  hell  of  the  credo^ 
absolution,  and  baptismal  regeneration,  and  made  bishops 
amenable  to  the  lower  clergy.     The  objections  of  the  English 


72         Outline  History  of  the  Church. 

bishops  led  to  a  restoration  of  nearly  all  the  expunged  parts, 
except  the  Athanasian  Creed  and  absolution  in  visitation  of 
the  sick.  By  special  act  of  Parliament  the  English  bishops 
were  enabled  to  ordain  William  White,  Samuel  Provost,  and 
Dr.  Griffith,  February  4,  1787.  Ratification  of  the  Thirty- 
nine  Articles,  1833. 

4.  Reformed  Episcopal  Cliurch. — Secession  of  Bishop  Cum- 
mins from  the  Protestant  Episcopal  Church  in  1873,  and  organ- 
ization in  Kew  York,  Dec.  2,  1873,  of  the  Reformed  Episcopal 
Church,  under  his  leadership.  Subsequent  ordination  by  him  of 
Dr.  Cheney  to  the  Episcopacy.  Reformed  Episcopal  Cliurches 
have  been  established  in  various  parts  of  our  own  country  and 
the  British  dominions.  This  Church  had,  early  in  1875,  fifty 
ministers,   forty  churches,  and  four  thousand  communicants. 

The  principles  of  the  Keformed  Episcupal  Chnrch  are :  Belief  in  the  Bible  as 
rule  of  faith  and  practice ;  in  the  Apostles'  and  Niccne  Creeds ;  in  the  two  sac- 
raments of  baptism  and  Lord's  supper;  in  the  Thii-ty-niiie  Articles  of  the 
Church  of  England;  in  the  retention  of  tlie  Episcopacy,  not  as  necessary,  but  as 
ancient  and  desirable;  in  a  Book  of  Common  Prayer  free  from  all  Romanizing 
elements;  in  extemporaneous  prayer;  in  the  non -regenerative  power  of  bap- 
tism ;  and  in  tb'j  non-observance  of  saints'  days. 

5.  The  Puritans  in  America.  —  Congregationalism.  — 

Landing  of  the  Puritan  pilgrims  by  the  Mayflower  at  Ply- 
mouth, Massachusetts,  in  1620.  Though  coming  from  England 
originally,  they  had  sailed  last  from  Holland.  Another  col- 
ony and  Church  in  1629  at  Salem;  in  1630  another  Church 
at  Charlestown ;  colonies  from  Massachusetts  Bay  in  Connec- 
ticut in  1635;  adoption  of  the  Cambridge  Platform  in  1648. 
The  Congregational  Church  took  its  rise  from  the  Puritan 
colonists.  During  the  last  century  it  was  confined  chiefly  to 
New  England.  In  1776  there  were  about  seven  hundred 
Congregational  Churches,  and  five  hundred  and  seventy-five 
pastors.  The  history  of  American  Congregationalism  is  one 
of  great  honor.  It  has  taken  a  prominent  part  in  all  public 
movements,  and  its  development  has  been  identical  with  that 
of  the  country,  to  whose  prosperity  it  has  materially  con- 
tributed. 

6.  Reformed  Church. — Until  recently,  called  the  Reformed 
Protestant  Dutch  Church,  First  settlement  in  New  Neth- 
erlands of  members  of  this  Church  from  Holland  in  1623. 
Arrival  of  the   first   preacher,   Jonas  Michaelius,    in    1628. 


Outline  History  of  the  Church.         73 

Great  embaiTassment  of  the  organization  for  many  yean: 
because  of  the  use  of  the  Dutch  language  in  worship,  and 
connection  of  the  Church  in  this  country  with  the  parent 
Church  in  Holland.  Independent  organization  effected  in 
1771,  through  the  agency  of  Rev.  Dr.  J.  H.  Livingston.  Se- 
cession in  1832  of  Churches  on  the  score  of  laxity  in  do(;trine 
and  discipline.  The  seceders  took  the  name  of  the  True  Re- 
formed Dutch  Church,  and  now  number  less  than  twenty 
congregations.  Confession  of  Dort  and  the  Heidelberg  Cate- 
chism, the  symbolical  books  of  the  Reformed  Church.  Dis- 
tinguished for  its  intelligence,  interest  in  education,  and 
missionary  zeal. 

7.  The  Baptists.— Founding  of  the  first  Baptist  Church  in 
America  by  Roger  Williams,  at  Providence,  Rhode  Island, 
in  1639.  Early  progress  very  slow,  because  of  the  Baptists 
being  persecuted  both  North  and  South.  They  enjoyed  no 
freedom  except  in  Rhode  Island,  Pennsylvania,  and  Dela- 
ware. The  American  Revolution  marked  the  beginning  of 
great  progress,  which  has  been  general  and  steady  ever  since. 
Minor  Baptist  Churches :  Anti-Mission ;  Free-Will ;  Seventh- 
Day  ;  Church  of  God,  or  Winebrennarians ;  Disciples  of  Christ, 
or  Campbellites ;  Tunkers;  Mennonites. 

Tho  Baptists  were  early  distino^nished  for  their  advocacy  of  freedom  of  con- 
science. In  the  code  of  laws  established  by  them  in  Rhode  Island  we  read,  for 
the  first  time  since  Chi-istianity  ascended  the  throne  of  the  Ciesars,  the  dcclara- 
tion  that  conscience  should  be  free,  a.id  men  should  not  be  punishwl  for  wor 
shiping  God  in  the  way  they  were  persuaded  he  requires. — Judge  Stoky. 

8.  German  Reformed  Church.  —  Organization  of  this 
Church,  1741.  First  missionaries  sent  out  by  the  Church  in 
Holland ;  and  the  German  Reformed  Church  remained  in  con- 
nection with  the  Dutch  Church  until  1792.  It  was  made  up, 
in  the  early  part  of  its  history,  of  emigrants  from  the  Pala- 
tinate and  Switzerland.  The  centennial  year,  1841,  was  cel- 
sbrated  with  great  enthusiasm.  It  is  mainly  distinguished 
from  the  Reformed  (Dutch)  and  the  French  Reformed  Churches 
by  its  use  of  the  German  language. 

9.  The  Lutheran  Church. — The  first  Lutherans  in  this 
country  were  in  New  York;  the  first  pastor,  Rev.  Jtcob 
Fabricius,  1669;  the  first  church  a  log  hut,  1671.  The 
second  settlement  on  the  Delaware,  1676.     Rev.  H.  M.  Muh- 


74         Outline  History  of  the  Church. 

lenberg  arrived  from  Germany  in  1742.  lie  became  the  leader 
of  the  Lutherans  in  this  country.  First  Synod,  1748.  The 
Lutherans  are  now  most  numerous  in  Pennsylvania  and  Ohio, 
and  are  very  vigorous.  Their  theology  is  progressive,  and  is 
shaped  by  the  evangelical  theological  standards  of  German 
Lutheranism.  The  Lutherans  are  divided  into,  1.  The  strict, 
old  Lutherans;  2.  The  moderate  Lutherans  of  the  Pennsyl- 
vania Synod ;  and,  3.  The  Evangelical  Lutherans  of  Gettys- 
burgh,  (Schmucker.) 

10.  The  Presbyterians.— From  1660  to  1685  three  thou- 
sand persons  of  Presbyterian  faith  were  transported,  as  slaves, 
during  the  persecutions  in  Scotland,  to  the  American  col- 
onies. By  1688  many  Presbyterian  immigrants,  especially  in 
Eastern  Pennsylvania.  Rev.  Francis  M'Kenzie  the  first  Presby- 
terian minister  in  America.  The  Presbytery  of  Philadelphia 
organized  in  1706.  First  General  Assembly  (John  Rodgers, 
Moderator)  of  the  Presbyterian  Church  of  the  United  States, 
1789.  There  were  then  188  Presbyterian  ministers,  and  419 
Churches.  An  attempt  to  unite  all  Presbyterians  failed. 
Division  of  the  Presbyterian  Church  in  1838.  In  St.  Louis, 
Missouri,  1866,  attempt  made  to  initiate  the  re-union  of  the 
Presbyterian  Church,  (Old  and  New  School.)  Consummation 
of  the  re-union  in  1870. 

11.  The  Methodists  in  America.— The  first  Methodist  So- 
ciety established  in  New  York  by  Barbara  Heck,  Philip 
Embury,  and  Captain  "Webb,  1766;  Methodist  church  built 
in  John-street,  1768 ;  Richard  Boardman  and  Joseph  Pil- 
more  arrived  from  England,  1769.  Boardman  labored  in 
New  York,  Pilmore  in  Philadelphia,  and  Strawbridge  in 
Maryland.  Wesley  sent  out  to  America  Francis  Asbuiy  and 
Richard  Wright,  1771.  First  Conference  held  in  Philadelphia 
July  4,  1773;  10  preachers,  and  1,160  members  in  the  whole 
American  Methodist  Church.  In  1774  there  were  17  preach- 
ers and  1,073  members.  Division  of  the  Methodist  Episcopal 
Church  of  the  United  States  in  1844  into  the  Methodist  Epis- 
copal Church  and  the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church,  South,  on 
question  of  slavery.  Centenary  of  American  Methodism  cele- 
brated in  1866  throughout  the  Church.  Contributions  amount- 
ing to  nearly  $3,000,000  were  made,  chiefly  for  education. 


Outline  History  of  the  Church.         75 

12.  The  Roman  Catholics.— Tlie  colony  of  Maiyland  guar- 
anteed to  Lord  Baltimore  (Caecilius  Calvert)  by  special  char- 
ter. The  first  Roman  Catholic  emigration  thither  in  1633. 
Settlement  of  two  hundred  immigrants  at  St.  Mary's,  1634. 
In  Louisiana  there  was  great  Catholic  progress,  chiefly  owing 
to  immigration  from  France.  Spread  of  Roman  Catholicism 
up  the  Mississippi.  In  1775  there  was  a  total  Roman  Catholic 
population  in  the  colonies  of  24,500.  Rapid  growth  of  Ro- 
man Catholicism  after  the  Revolution,  owing  chiefly  to  immi- 
gration and  Jesuit  missions.  Episcopal  see  of  Baltimore 
founded,  1789.  Multiplication  of  religious  orders,  commenc- 
ing in  1790.  Beginning  of  Roman  Catholic  opposition  to 
Bible  in  public  schools  in  1840.  After  close  of  Civil  War 
very  zealous  proselytism  among  the  freed  men  of  the  South, 
American  Roman  Catholics  represented  very  fully  in  the  Vati- 
can Council,  whose  extreme  measures  received  their  support. 
The  Roman  Catholics  of  the  United  States  reflect  the  temper 
and  methods  of  European  Ultramontanism. 


CHAPTER  V. 


MOST   RECENT   EVENTS   IN  THE   HISTORY  OF  THE    CHURCH. 
A.  D.  1880. 

The  distinguishing  features  of  the  later  religious  move- 
ments are:  1.  Disposition  toward  the  unity  of  the  various 
Evangelical  bodies ;  2.  Opposition  to  Roman  Catholicism  by 
Protestants  of  all  lands ;  3.  Labois  for  the  evangelization  of 
the  masses ;  4.  Missionary  activity. 

1.  TJnioii  and  Fraternity.  —  The  plan  made  in  1872  for 
bringing  all  Presbyterian  bodies  into  federal  relation  has  been 
in  part  carried  out.  The  four  Presbyterian  Churches  of  Canada 
have  been  merged  into  one  organization.  The  English  Pres- 
byterians have  united,  and  the  number  of  Scotch  Presbyte- 
rian bodies  has  been  diminished.  The  World's  Conference  of 
Presbyterians  met  in  Edinburgh  in  1877,  and  was  very  success- 
ful. Advances  have  been  made  by  the  Northern  and  South- 
ern Presbyterians  for  union  in   one  organization.     Fraternal 


76         Outline  History  of  the  Church. 

intercourse  has  been  opened  between  the  Methodist  Episcopal 
Church  and  the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church,  South,  for  tho 
first  time  since  the  separation  of  1844.  A  Commission,  ap- 
pointed by  the  Baltimore  General  Conference  of  the  Method- 
ist Episcopal  Church,  in  1876,  met  at  Cape  May  in  the  same 
year,  and  adopted  a  plan  for  further  fraternal  relations.  A 
Commission  was  also  appointed  by  the  Baltimore  General  Con- 
ference for  fraternal  relations  of  all  Methodist  bodies.  The 
union  of  three  Methodist  bodies  in  Canada  has  been  consum- 
mated, forming  the  "Methodist  Church  of  Canada,"  with  a 
membership  of  over  one  hundred  thousand  persons.  In  May, 
1878,  the  Methodist  and  Methodist  Protestant  Churches,  non- 
Episcopal  bodies,  united,  making  a  membership  of  about 
one  liundred  and  ten  thousand  persons.  The  Pan-Anglican 
Conference  of  Bishops  of  the  Church  of  England  and  the 
Protestant  Episcopal  Church  met  in  Lambeth,  in  1878. 

2.  Roman  Catholicism. — Bitter  antagonism  of  the  Prussian 
Government  to  the  unpatriotic  attitude  of  the  Roman  Cath- 
olic population,  under  the  leadership  of  the  bishops.  The 
chief  manifestation  of  the  antagonism  was  the  Government's 
adoption  of  the  "Falk  Laws,"  which  leave  to  the  governor- 
general  of  a  province  the  duty  of  deciding  upon  the  qualifi- 
cations of  all  persons  appointed  by  the  bishops.  All  bishops 
must  swear  fidelity  to  the  Government,  under  penalty  of  fine 
and  imprisonment.  Pope  Pius  IX.  died  in  1878,  and  was  suc- 
ceeded by  Leo  XIII.  The  English  people  have  advanced  in 
Anti- Roman  Catholic  sentiment,  owing  largely  to  the  expos- 
ures by  Gladstone  of  the  uniformly  unuational  character  of 
Romanism.  In  the  soutliern  part  of  the  United  States  the  Ro- 
man Catholics  have  made  rapid  progress  among  the  Freedmen. 

3.  Ritualism. — In  England  Parliament  has  passed  a  Public 
Worship  Regulation  Act,  directed  against  ritualistic  encroach- 
ments. It  provides  against:  1.  Alterations  in,  or  additions 
to,  the  fabric,  ornaments,  or  furniture  of  a  church,  without 
permission  of  the  authorities  thereof ;  2.  Use  of  any  unlawful 
ornament  by  the  minister ;  3.  Neglect  to  observe  the  direc- 
tions of  the  Prayer  Book  in  performance  of  the  rites  and  cere- 
monies ordered  by  it.  Revs.  T.  P.  Dale  and  Arthur  Tooth 
were  suspended  for  violation  of  the  law.     Violent  controversy 


Outline  History  of  the  Church.         77 

Arose  in  consequence  of  Tooth's  suspension,  and  the  effect  has 
been  a  strong  ritualistic  party  in  favor  of  disestablishment. 

4.  Pre  millennial  Coming  of  Christ.  — In  1878  a  conven- 
tion was  held  in  New  York  of  those  who  believe  in  the  premil- 
lennial  and  personal  coming  of  Christ.  Men  from  the  Epis- 
copal, Presbyterian,  Baptist,  Methodist,  and  other  Churches 
participated  in  the  proceedings,  and  read  papers  on  various 
aspects  of  the  subject.  It  was  declared,  by  formal  resolu- 
tion, that  the  second  coming  of  Christ  is  imminent ;  that  it 
is  not  necessary  tliat  the  whole  world  should  be  converted  to 
Christ  before  his  return,  because  the  Scriptures  nowhere  de- 
clare such  a  doctrine.  The  tone  of  the  religious  press  was 
opposed  to  the  doctrines  of  the  convention.  In  the  Presby- 
terian Church  it  has  been  seriously  suggested  that  those  Pres- 
byterians who  participated  had  violated  the  Standards  con- 
cerning the  Second  Advent,  and  should  be  arraigned  therefor. 

5.  Church  Trials. — Several  leading  preachers  in  the  Scotch 
Church  have  been  tried  for  propagating  skeptical  opinions. 
The  Rev.  F.  Ferguson  was  found  guilty  by  his  Presbytery, 
but  was  pardoned  by  the  Synod.  Professor  Robertson  Smith 
was  convicted  by  the  Assembly  on  some  of  tlie  specifications, 
and  cleared  on  others.  Some  Free  Churchmen  claim  tlie  re- 
sult as  favorable  to  rationalistic  sentiment.  The  Scotch  Church 
has,  through  a  committee,  adopted  a  "  Declaratory  Senti- 
ment,'' softening  some  parts  of  the  Westminster  Confession. 
There  were  two  heresy  cases,  on  appeal,  before  the  Presbyte- 
rian General  Assembly  during  1878,  (Rev.  Mr.  See  and  Rev.  Mr. 
Miller.)  In  the  case  of  Mr.  See,  it  was  decided  that  a  minis- 
ter of  the  Church  may  not  permit  a  woman  to  teacli  from  his 
pulpit.  Mr.  Miller  was  suspended  for  holding  the  heresies 
that  Christ,  though  God,  does  not  constitute  a  second  person 
in  the  Trinity,  and  that  in  his  human  nature  he  inherited  the 
corruption  of  Adam's  nature. 

6.  Sunday-School  Instruction. — The  First  National  Sun- 
day-School Convention  was  held  in  New  York,  October,  1832; 
the  second  in  Philadelphia,  1833;  the  third  in  Philadelphia, 
1859;  tlie  fourth  in  Newark,  N.  J.,  1869;  the  fifth  in  Indian- 
apolis, 1872;  the  sixth  in  Baltimore,  1875;  the  seventh  in  At- 
lanta, Ga.,  in  1878.     The  Rev.  Dr.  D.  P.  Kidder  was  the  first 


78         Outline  History  of  the  Churcu. 

one  to  recommend,  in  1847,  tlie  formation  of  Normal  Sunday- 
schools.  In  1872  the  Rev.  Drs.  J.  H.  Vincent  and  Edward 
Eggleston,  and  B.  F.  Jacobs,  Esq.,  agreed  upon  a  system  of 
Uniform  Lessons,  and  the  National  Sunday-School  Convention 
of  Indianapolis  (1872)  favored  this  project,  and  appointed  a 
Committee  to  sehct  a  seven  years'  series  of  National  Uniform 
Lessons.  Thus  began  the  National,  and,  finally,  the  Interna- 
tional, System  of  Sunday-School  Instruction.  The  Chautauqua 
Sunday-School  Assembly,  which  originated  with  Lewis  Mil- 
ler, Esq.,  and  Rev.  Dr.  J.  H.  Vincent,  is  a  congress  of  Sun- 
day-school workers,  both  clerical  and  lay,  who  go  over  every 
department  of  religious  instruction  and  affiliated  topics.  The 
Chautauqua  Literary  and  Scientific  Circle — an  outgrowth  of 
the  Assembly — lays  down  a  prescribed  course  of  graded  study, 
on  which  examinations  are  held,  and  for  which,  after  comple- 
tion, diplomas  are  awarded.  It  has  its  own  text -books. 
Quite  an  important  literature  has  grown  up  around  this  im- 
portant movement,  but  the  greatest  value  of  the  remarkable 
agency  consists  in  the  impulse  toward  a  deep  knowledge  of 
religious  truth  and  thorough  literary  culture  which  it  is  im- 
parting to  many  thousands  throughout  the  land  who  have  not 
had  the  advantages  of  collegiate  instruction.  For  details  of 
the  new  development  of  Sunday-school  instruction,  we  refer 
our  readers  to  Gilbert's  '*  The  Lesson  System :  the  Story  of 
its  Origin  and  Inauguration."     New  York.     1879. 

7.  Bible  Revision.  —  The  Anglo-American  Bible  Revision 
is  the  first  international  and  interdenominational  effort  in  the 
history  of  the  translation  of  tlie  Bible.  It  began  in  the  Con- 
vocation of  Canterbury,  May  6,  1870,  by  the  appointment  of 
a  committee  of  biblical  scholars  of  the  Church  of  England, 
with  power  to  revise  the  Authorized  Version  of  1611,  and  to 
associate  with  them  representative  biblical  scholars  of  other 
denominations.  The  American  Committee  was  organized  in 
1872.  Both  committees  are  divided  into  two  corapaniep,  one 
for  revision  of  the  Old  Testament,  and  the  other  for  tiie  New. 
The  English  Committee  consists  of  fifty-two  members;  the 
American,  of  twenty-seven.  The  ol)ject  of  the  revision  is  to 
adapt  King  James'  version  to  the  present  state  of  the  English 
language,    without  changing  the  idiom  and  the  vocabulary. 


Outline  History  of  the  Church.         79 

Hence,  not  a  new  version,  but  a  revision  of  the  received  ver- 
sion, is  aimed  .-it.  The  principles  of  revision  are :  To  alter  as 
little  as  is  consistent  with  faithfulness  tlie  text  of  the  author- 
ized version;  to  limit,  as  far  as  possible,  the  expression  of  such 
alterations  to  the  language  of  the  authorized  or  earlier  versions; 
each  company  to  go  twice  over  the  portion  to  be  revised  l)y 
them,  once  provisionally,  the  second  time  finally ;  when  tlie 
text  adopted  ditfer?  from  that  irom  which  the  authorized  ver- 
sion was  made,  the  alterati(»n  is  to  be  indicated  in  the  margin  ; 
the  headings  of  chapters,  pages,  paragraphs,  italics,  and  punc- 
tuation are  to  be  revised.  It  is  supposed  that  in  ten  years 
from  the  beginning  the  work  of  revision  will  be  completed. 
The  Rev.  Dr.  Philip  Schaflf,  President  of  the  American  Com- 
mittee, has  been  the  chief  agent  in  organizing  the  American 
Committee,  and  in  promoting  harmonious  co-operation  be- 
tween the  English  and  American  Comunttees.  The  members 
of  the  Committee  have  published  a  volume,  "Anglo-American 
Bible  Revision,"  for  private  circulation,  in  which  the  most 
important  questions  involved  in  the  new  version  are  discussed 
in  brief. 

8.  Revivals. — An  extensive  revival  in  Great  Britain  began 
in  1874,  through  the  labors  of  Moody  and  Sankey,  (Americans.) 
The  churches  were  too  small  to  accommodate  the  throngs,  and 
services  were  held  in  the  open  air.  All  denominations  shared 
in  the  good  results.  The  two  evangelists  returned  to  Ameri- 
ca, and  in  New  York,  Boston,  Philadelphia,  Baltimore,  and 
other  cities,  there  was  the  same  marked  benefit  from  their 
labors. 

9.  Attacks  on  and  Defense  of  Evangelical  Truth.— 
The  Rev.  Joseph  Cook  has  delivered  lectures  for  several  suc- 
cessive winters,  in  Boston,  on  current  theological  and  scientific 
topics,  in  defense  of  evangelical  truth.  They  have  been  ex- 
tensively published  and  widely  read,  and  have  produced  a 
great  effect  in  confirming  Christian  conviction  in  the  entire 
religious  population  of  the  country.  The  bold  skepticism  of 
Robert  IngersoU— a  revival  of  the  gross  infidelity  of  Paine 
—has  produced  no  appreciable  effect  on  the  American  mind. 

10.  Present  Condition  and  Outlook  of  the  Protestant 
Church  in  America.— The  Protestant  Church  in  America  is 


80         Outline  History  of  the  Church. 

at  present  veryvigorous  and  aggressive.  While  certain  sec- 
tions indicate  some  sympathy  with  the  rationalistic  tendencies 
of  the  Continent  and  the  Broad-Church  platitudes  of  England, 
no  form  of  infidelity  has  ever  taken  a  firm  hold  on  any  large 
branch  of  the  Church  in  this  country.  Every  department  of 
ecclesiastical  life  is  full  of  promise.  The  Sunday-school,  as 
we  have  seen,  has  developed  to  a  remarkable  degree  within 
the  last  few  years,  while  the  literature  of  religious  instruction 
has  advanced  rapidly,  and  yet  healthily.  Missions,  foreign  and 
domestic,  are  vigorously  supported  by  the  Churches.  Educa- 
tion of  the  masses,  not  to  mention  higher  instruction,  has 
kept  pace  with  the  increase  of  wealth  and  population.  The 
benevolent  spirit  of  the  people,  never  more  severely  taxed 
than  in  the  last  few  years,  has  responded  in  an  unprecedentec 
way  to  the  demands  of  the  times.  God  is  leading  the  Ameri 
can  Church,  and  he  has  greater  things  to  give  his  trusting 
children  in  the  coming  century  than  our  most  active  faith  has 
yet  dared  to  anticipate. 


CHAPTER  VI. 

GENERAL    SURVEY   OF   MISSIONS. 
A.  D.    1880. 

This  chapter,  which  takes  the  place  of  the  briefer  one  in 
the  first  edition,  has  been  prepared  especially  for  this  work, 
in  compliance  with  the  author's  request,  by  Mr.  H.  K.  Carroll, 
of  the  editorial  staflf  of  "The  Indejjendent,"  (New  York,) 
who  has  made  every  thing  relating  to  modern  missions  a 
subject  of  careful  study: — 

1.  Early  Protestant  Missions. — The  Protestants  of  Hol- 
land began  to  take  an  interest  in  foreign  missions  as  early  as 
1613,  when  a  seminary  to  train  foreign  missionaries  was  estab- 
lished at  Ley  den ;  and  they  sent  missionaries  to  Ceylon  in  1636, 
and  subsequently  to  Africa,  Java,  and  elsewhere.  The  Society 
for  the  Propagation  of  the  Gospel  (Anglican)  was  formed  in 
1701,  for  the  especial  benefit  of  the  American  Colonies.  Danish 
missionaries  were  sent  to  India  in  1706,  and  to  Greenland  in 
1721,  iind  the  Moravians  began  missions  in  Africa,  Ceylon,  and 


Outline  History  of  the  Church.         81 

other  countries  in  the  decade  following  1732.  Thus  a  beirin- 
ning  had  been  made  long  before  the  rise  of  the  chief  missionary 
societies,  but  it  was  not  until  near  the  close  of  the  eighteenth 
and  the  opening  of  the  present  century  that  Protestantism  en- 
tered earnestly  upon  its  great  work  of  converting  the  heathen 
world.  We  do  not  here  speak  of  Home  Missions,  or  Bible 
Societies,  or  of  the  various  other  agencies  which  have  been 
employed  in  missionary  work. 

2.  Rise  of  Great  Societies.— The  (English)  Baptist  Mis- 
sionary Society  was  organized  in  1792 ;  the  London  Mission- 
ary Society,  in  1795;  the  Church  Missionary  Society,  (Low 
Church,  Anglican,)  in  1799;  the  (English)  Wesleyan  Society, 
in  1800 ;  and  the  American  Board  of  Commissioners  for  For- 
eign Missions,  in  1810,  at  Boston.  Since  1810  many  other  and 
strong  societies  have  sprung  up,  and  nearly  every  denomina- 
tion, however  small,  hjis  missionaries  in  some  foreign  field. 

3.  Increase  of  Zeal  for  Missions.— In  the  past  fifty  years 
there  has  been  great  increase  of  interest  in  Foreign  Missions, 
and  vast  successes  have  been  achieved.  Before  1830  there 
were  only  about  eighteen  or  twenty  societies  in  Europe  and 
America ;  now  we  can  readily  name  seventy-five  societies  en- 
gaged in  active  work.  The  aggregate  of  funds  intrusted 
annually  to  these  various  societies  has  increased  enormously. 
For  example,  the  receipts  of  the  Church  Missionary  Society — 
the  greatest  of  all  the  societies — were  in  1830  only  $150,310, 
while  in  1878  they  were  about  $1,000,000.  In  the  aggregate, 
millions  of  dollars  are  expended  annually  on  Foreign  Missions, 
showing  that  the  Churches  have  their  heart  in  the  great  work 
of  converting  the  world,  and  are  willing  to  make  sacrifices 
for  the  cause.  An  army  of  noble  men  and  women,  many  of 
whom  equal  Paul  in  devoted ness,  in  abundance  of  labors, 
and  in  contempt  of  perils  and  deprivations,  are  spread  over 
the  habitable  globe,  lifting  people  up  out  of  heathenism  and 
barbarism  and  ignorance,  creating  written  languages,  translat- 
ing the  Scriptures,  and  helping  in  a  multitude  of  ways  to 
advance  civilization,  commerce,  good  government,  society, 
religion.  The  chief  departments  of  missionary  work  are 
chapel,  street,  and  itinerant  preaching;  the  establishment  of 
chapels  and  preaching  places;  the  organization  of  schools  oi 

5 


82         Outline  Histoey  of  the  Chuech. 

various  grades ;  zenana  work  by  women  among  women  and 
children ;  the  making  of  translations  of  the  Scriptures ;  the  is- 
suing of  religious  publications;  and  the  opening  of  hospitals. 

4.  Some  Results  of  Missions.  —  The  Gospel  was  first 
preached  in  Madagascar  by  missionaries  of  the  London  Mis- 
sionary Society  in  1818.  Their  labors,  joined  chiefly  to  those 
of  the  Church  and  Friends'  Societies,  have  resulted  in  the 
overthrow  of  idolatry.  The  Queen  and  her  Government  ac- 
cept Cijristianity ;  and  from  the  capital,  by  contributions  of 
converted  Malagasy  natives,  missionaries  have  been  sent  to 
unconverted  tribes  in  distant  parts  of  the  island.  In  1820 
the  American  Board  began  a  mission  in  the  Sandwich  Islands, 
and  in  less  than  half  a  century  of  earnest,  persistent  work  a 
nation  was  redeemed  from  barbarism.  Where  there  used  to 
be  only  savages  there  are  now  Christians,  who  not  only  sup- 
port their  own  Churches,  but  send,  missionaries  to  other  isl- 
ands. Wesleyan  missionaries  introduced  Christianity  into  the 
Fiji  Islands  in  1835.  The  Fijians  were  a  most  savage  and 
degraded  people,  whose  horrible  cannibalistic  feasts  made 
their  very  name  a  terror.  Christianity,  as  preached  by  the 
missionaries  of  the  Wesleyan,  London,  and  one  or  two  other 
societies,  have  effected  a  wonderful  change  among  these  can- 
nibals. They  have  given  up  their  old  practices,  and  become 
a  Christian  nation.  Churches  and  schools  succeed  the  hwes 
or  temples ;  family  worship  is  general ;  marriage  is  sacred ;  the 
Sabbath  is  observed ;  and  law  and  order  reign.  Many  thou- 
sands are  communicants  in  the  churches,  and  devoted  Fijians 
go  to  distant  islands  as  missionaries  and  teachers.  Some  of 
them  have  recently  fallen  victims  to  the  cannibals  of  New 
Britain.  Before  1813  there  were  no  native  Christians  in  Poly- 
nesia. Now  there  are  no  less  than  340,000,  of  whom  68,000 
are  communicants. 

5.  Missions  in  Asia.  —  India,  with  its  population  of  two 
hundred  and  fifty  millions,  has  been  a  hard  but  well-worked 
field.  From  the  time  of  Carey  to  the  present.  Protestantism 
has  put  forth  its  best  eff'orts  in  India,  and  for  many  years  with- 
out much  encouragement.  All  the  leading  societies,  with 
many  others,  are  represented  in  that  country,  and  large  expend- 
itures are  made  annually  on  missions,  schools,  nnd  hospitals. 


Outline  History  of  the  Church.         83 

In  1875  there  were  over  600  ordained  foreign  missionaries, 
68,689  communicants,  and  266,391  native  Christians.  In  1878 
Indian  missions  entered  upon  a  new  epoch.  No  less  than 
60,000  Hindus  in  that  one  year,  convinced  by  the  generous 
aid  given  the  famine  sufferers  that  Christianity  is  a  religion 
of  love  and  truth,  renounced  heathenism,  and  asked  for  in- 
struction in  the  religion  of  Christ.  Many  subsequently  passed 
the  necessary  examination,  and  were  baptized.  The  Society 
for  the  Propagation  of  the  Gospel,  tlie  Church  Missionary  So- 
ciety, the  American  Baptist  Mission  to  the  Telugus,  the  Arcot 
Mission  of  the  American  Reformed  (Dutch)  Church,  have 
shared  chiefly  in  this  large  accession.  The  movement  did 
not  cease  with  the  close  of  the  year.  Dr.  Morrison,  the  first 
Protestant  missionary  to  China,  was  sent  out  by  the  London 
Society  in  1807.  In  China,  as  in  India,  missions  have  gained 
somewhat  slowly,  but  many  societies  are  engaged  in  the  sea- 
board provinces.  The  China  Inland  Mission  is  opening  sta- 
tions in  remote  and  interior  provinces,  and  the  annual  gains 
are  increasing.  In  Japan,  missionaries  are  multiplying  year- 
ly, and  are  meeting  with  remarkable  success.  Burmah  is  the 
field  chiefly  of  the  American  Baptist  Union.  It  is  the  field 
to  which  Judson  and  Rice  went  when  shut  out  of  India.  No 
greater  missionary  triumphs  have  been  achieved  than  in  this 
kingdom,  where  the  Baptists  alone  have  20,723  members,  in 
438  Churches,  with  430  native  preachers,  and  many  prosperous 
schools.  The  missions  in  Siam,  in  Formosa,  in  Persia,  and  in 
Asia  Minor,  have  also  achieved  good  results. 

The  territory  of  Western  Asia  has  become  a  very  important 
field.  Its  religious  systems  are :  I.Mohammedanism;  2.  Semi- 
Paganism,  (Druze,  Nusairy,  Yezidee  ;)  and,  3.  Nominal  Chris- 
tianity, or  the  Oriental  Churches.  This  last  group  consists  of 
six  classes:  1.  The  Monophysite  sects,  (Armenians,  Jacobites, 
Copts,  Abyssinians ; )  2.  The  Nestorians;  3.  The  Orthodox 
Greeks;  4.  The  Maronites;  5.  The  Oriental  Papal  sects, 
(Papal  Greek,  Papal  Armenian,  Papal  Syrian,  Papal  Nestorian, 
Papal  Coptic,  and  Papal  Abyssinian;)  and,  6.  The  Latins,  (a 
small  body,  attached  to  the  French  and  Italian  monasteries.) 
These  sects,  (the  Oriental  Churches,)  exclusive  of  the  Greeks 
of  Russia  and  Greece,  number  9,586,000  members. 


84r         Outline  Kistory  of  the  Church. 

6.  The  Christians  in  Turkey. — The  oppression  of  the  Bul- 
garian Christians  in  Turkey  by  their  Moslem  rulers  has  cul- 
minated in  a  successful  revolt.  The  Bulgarians  are  of  the 
Ugro  Finnish  race,  who  became  Slaves  by  absorption  among 
the  latter.  They  came  from  the  East,  appeared  in  Armenia, 
then  on  the  Volga,  then  on  the  Lower  Danube,  and  invaded 
the  Greek  Empire  about  the  middle  of  the  sixth  century. 
They  crossed  the  Danube  A.  D.  670,  and  established  a  king- 
dom extending  from  the  Danube  to  the  south  of  the  Balkans. 
Tliey  were  converted  to  Christianity  about  A.  D.  850.  The 
kingdom  (capital  at  Tirnova)  was  conquered  by  the  Turks  in 
1390,  and  absorbed  in  the  Turkish  empire.  Nearly  five  cent- 
uries they  remained  submissive.  In  1838  and  1848  they  made 
unsuccessful  revolts.  In  May,  1875,  they  again  revolted,  and 
Russia,  later,  came  to  their  relief.  The  war  between  Russia 
and  Turkey  during  1877-78  was  one  of  great  bitterness.  The 
Turks  had  the  sympathy  of  tlie  British  Government,  but  the 
opposition  of  the  real  conscience  of  the  civilized  world.  Rus- 
sia was  victorious,  and  her  armies  rested  within  sight  of  the 
Bosphorus.  The  Berlin  Treaty,  w^hich  was  a  revision  of  that 
of  San  Stefano,  secured  the  substantial  fruits  of  the  war 
to  the  Russians  and  the  now  delivered  Christians  of  Turkey. 
Bulgaria  was  diyided  into  two  parts — Bulgaria,  and  Eastern 
Roumelia.  A  Council  of  Notables  has  elected  Alexander  of 
Battenberg,  Prince  of  Bulgaria.  Both  Bulgaria  and  Eastern 
Roumelia  are  practically  under  Russian  influence.  Their  en- 
tire population  is  about  5,500,000,  with  a  territory  of  74,400 
square  miles,  an  extent  equal  to  that  of  the  States  of  Ohio 
and  Indiana.  American  missions,  establislied  by  the  Ameri- 
can Board  and  the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church,  have  had 
great  influence  in  bringing  about  this  great  deliverance  of  the 
Christians  in  Turkey.  Robert  College,  on  the  Bosphorus, 
founded  by  an  American,  has  contributed  largely  to  the  spread 
of  Christian  light  throughout  the  Turkish  Empire. 

7.  African  Missions. — On  the  Western  Coast  of  Africa  the 
Moravians  were  the  first  in  the  field,  in  1736.  In  Liberia  the 
Methodists  have  an  Annual  Conference,  and  there  are  impor- 
tant Anglican  missions  along  the  Niger.  Upward  of  a  dozen 
societies  are  at  work,  the  results  being  several  thousand  con- 


1.  American  Board  (Congregational.)  2.  American  Presbyterian  MissionMy  Society. 
Missionary  Society.  5.  American  Son  them  Presbyterian  Missionary  Society.  6.  Ameri 
Society.  8.  American  Baptist  Missionary  Society.  9.  English  Church  Missionary  Societ 
Society.    12.  Irish  Presbyterian  Missionary  Society.    13.  Bishop  Gobat's  Mission.    14.  Jeru; 


American  United  Presbyterian  Missionary  Society.  4.  American  Eeformed  Presbyterian 
Methodist  Episcopal  Missionary  Society.  7.  American  Protestant  Episcopal  Missionary 
10.  Scotch  Established  Church  Missionary  Society.  11.  Scotch  Free  Church  Missionary 
a  Verein.    15.  Kaiserswerth  De-aconesses.    18.  Independent  Missions. 


.0 
Ut,CC£DXVZ  ISS 


J.   \CflTL02f 
^    5Cdndy30.12,13» 


"iiXLDrvzis.^' 


1.  American  Board  (Congrogalional.)  2.  xVmerican  Presbyterian  M.  S.  3.  American  E  v 
M.  U.  4  American  Methodist  Episcopal  M.  S.  5.  American  United  Presbyterian  M.  8.  6.  At 
!can  Free  Baptist  M.  S.  7.  American  Lutheran  M.  S.  8.  American  Reformed  (Dutch)  M.  > 
9.  American  Missionary  Association.  10.  English  Society  for  the  Propagation  of  the  Gospe 
11.  English  London  M.  S.  12.  English  Church  M.  S.  13.  English  Baptist  M.  S.  14.  Englis 
Wesleyan  M.  S.  15.  English  Presbyterian  M.  S.  16.  Scotch  Established  Church  M.  8.  17.  Scotc 
United  Presbj-terian  M.S.  18.  Scotch  Free  Church  M.  S.  19.  Irish  Presbyterian  Church  M. 
20.  Welsh  Calvlnistic  Methodist  M.  S.  21.  Leipsic  M.  S.  22.  Basle  M.  S.  23.  Hermannsburg: 
M.  S.  24.  Gossner's  M.  S.  25.  Danish  M.  3.  2«  Moravian  M.  8.  27.  Rhine  M.  S.  28.  Datcl 
^endiri-  M.  8. 


CHINA 

AND 

JAPAN 

,       100     SqO     300    41)0 


jr    O     N    G      Oil    A  ^^'•-v/^'^''^ 


1.  American  Board  (Congregational.)  2.  American  Presbyterian  M.  8.  8.  American  United 
Presbyterian  M.  S.  4.  American  Southern  Presbyterian  M.  S.  5.  American  Methodist  Episcopal 
vl.  8.  6.  American  Southern  Methodist  M  8.  7.  American  Reformed  (Dutch)  M.  8.  8.  American 
3apti8t  M.  TJ.  9.  American  Southern  Baptist  M.  8.  10.  American  Seventh-Day  Baptist  M.  8. 
1.  American  Protestant  Episcopal  M.  8.  12.  English  London  M.  8.  18.  English  Church  M.  8. 
4.  English  "Wesleyan  M.  S.  15.  English  Baptist  M.  8.  16.  English  Presbyterian  M.  8.  17.  En- 
rlish  United  Methodist  M.  8.  18.  English  Methodist  New  Connection  M.  S.  19.  English  China 
nland  M.  8,  20.  Scotch  United  Presbyterian  M.  8.  21.  Irish  Presbyterian  M.  8.  22.  Baak» 
vl.  8.    28.  Rhine  M.  8.    24.  Beriin  M.  8. 


Outline  IIistory  of  the  Church.         93 

verts,  and  200  schools,  with  more  than  30,000  scholars.  The 
first  mission  in  South  Africa  was  also  of  Moravian  origin.  Four- 
teen or  more  societies  are  now  laboring  there.  There  are  many 
schools,  and  about  250,000  communicants,  including  natives. 
The  American  United  Presbyterian  Church  has  important  mis- 
sions in  Egypt.  The  greatest  mission  enterprises  are  those 
recently  begun  in  Central  Africa.  The  Free  Church  of  Scot- 
land has  founded  Livingstonia,  on  Lake  Nyassa;  the  Church 
of  Scotland,  Blantyre  Station,  on  the  Shire  River,  south-east 
of  Livingstonia ;  the  Church  Missionary  Society,  a  mission  in 
Uganda,  on  Lake  Nyanza;  and  the  London  Society,  a  station 
at  Ujiji,  on  Lake  Tanganyika.  The  Nyanza,  the  Tanganyika, 
and  the  Nyassa  missions  required  no  less  than  $50,000  each 
for  a  beginning,  and  the  necessary  goods  were  transported  a 
great  difitance  by  hundreds  of  porters.  The  distance  from 
Zanzibar  to  Lake  Nyanza  is  not  less  than  eight  hundred  miles, 
and  among  the  things  which  were  carried  on  this  long  journey 
was  a  steamboat  for  use  on  the  lake.  The  English  Baptist 
Society  has  projected  a  mission  for  the  Upper  Congo;  a 
French  mission  is  soon  to  be  established  among  the  Basutos 
on  the  Upper  Zambesi;  and  the  Cardiff  Livingstone  Mission 
(undenominational)  is  to  push  into  the  interior  along  the 
Congo.  The  influence  of  the  missions  already  established 
has  greatly  checked  the  slave  trade. 

8.  Europe  and  America. — American  and  British  Societies 
carry  on  missionary  work  in  nearly  every  Catholic  country  in 
Europe,  and  in  Greece  and  Turkey.  The  American  Method- 
ist and  Baptist  Churches  have  very  successful  missions  in 
Scandinavia  and  Germany.  Tlie  American  Board  began  a 
mission  in  Constantinople  in  1831.  The  work  has  gradually 
grown,  through  various  vicissitudes  and  persecutions,  until 
it  has  spread  over  both  European  and  Asiatic  Turkey.  The 
communicants  number  between  5,000  and  6,000.  British  So- 
cieties have  important  missions  in  British  America,  in  Guiana, 
and  in  the  West  Indies;  while  American  Societies  are  work- 
ing in  various  countries  of  South  America  and  in  Mexico, 
where  there  are  several  thousand  converts. 

9.  Missions  to  Jews.  —  Several  British  and  Continental 
Societies,  organized   especially  for  missions  among  the  Jews, 


94 


Outline  History  of  the  Church. 


are  carrying  on  their  work,  chiefly  by  schools,  with  some  suc- 
cess, and  a  few  missionary  societies  have  special  Jewish  mis- 
sions. Not  much  is  done  among  the  Jews  of  the  United 
States,  but  in  Great  Britain,  in  nearly  every  country  of 
Europe,  in  Egypt,  Palestine,  Persia,  and  elsewhere,  efforts  are 
made  for  their  conversion.  It  is  not  known  how  many  con- 
verted Jews  there  are.  Some  say  40,000 ;  but  there  are  many 
in  the  ministry  of  various  denominations. 

10.  Statistics. — The  latest,  fullest,  and  most  accurate  sta- 
tistics, compiled  (at  the  close  of  1879)  by  Mr.  W.  H.  Larrabee, 
Plainfield,  N.  J.,  show  that  there  are  now  upward  of  575,486 
members  in  connection  with  foreign  missions  among  the  hea- 
then and  in  Catholic  countries.  Of  this  number  147,059  are 
in  Asia  and  the  Malay  Archipelago ;  153,183  are  in  Africa  and 
Madagascar,  Mauritius,  and  the  Seychelles;  74,026  are  in  the 
South  Sea,  Sandwich,  New  Guinea,  New  Hebrides  Islands,  and 
among  the  aborigines  of  Australia  and  New  Zealand;  129,010 
are  in  America  and  Greenland;  and  73,208  are  in  Europe. 
The  total  among  savages,  heathen,  and  Mohammedan  races  is 
374, 968.  The  following  tables  represent  the  number  of  native 
Christians  in  the  principal  heathen  countries : — 


Communicants. 

India 8T,854 

China. 16,237 

Ceylon 7,490 

Burmah 20,811 

Persia 1,221 

Japan 2,006 

Sumatra 2,420 

Turkish  Empire. 9,132 

South  Africa 57,840 


Communicant*. 

Madagascar 68,317 

West  Africa 25,636 

South  Sea  Islands 55,378 

Sandwich  Islands 14,976 

The  New  Hebrides 1,820 

Ll  Australia  and  New  Zea- 
land   2,512 

In  America,  Indians,  etc., 

(about) 17,142 


11.  Missionary  Literature. — Missionary  literature  is  very 
extensive,  and  large  libraries  of  it  are  collected  without  diffi- 
culty. Nearly  all  the  leading  societies  have  histories  of  their 
operations,  and  there  are  many  general  works,  while  the  books 
on  particular  missions  and  countries  would  make  a  large  cata- 
logue. For  minute  statistics,  see  Boyse,  "  Statistics  of  Prot- 
estant Missionary  Societies,"  (London,  1874.)  This  author  has 
added  to  his  work  a  very  excellent  Missionary  Bibliography, 
(pp.  173-184.)  See  also  "Conference  on  Foreign  Missions," 
.John  F.  Shaw  &  Co.,  (London,  1879  ;)  Newcomb's  "Cyclopaedia 


OiTiJNi-:  Ili^sroRY  OF  rriK  Church. 


95 


Deliigoa  B. 


^^■^^"^"^Zulus, 


C.Agulhaa 


€OUTH 
AFRICA 


100        goo       300       400 
~"        Miles  ' 


1.  American  Board  (Con<?regationr.l.)  2.  English  Church  M.S.  8.  English  Society  for  the 
Pn.piigation  of  the  Gospel.  4.  English  Wesleyan  M.  8.  5.  English  London  M.  S.  6.  English 
Moravian  M.  S.  7.  Scotch  Free  Church  M  «.  8.  Scotch  United  rresbytcrian  M.S.  9.  Berliij 
M.S.  10.  PvhineM.  S.  11.  Herniannsburgh  M.S.  12.  French  Evangelical  M.  8.  18.  Nor- 
wegian M.  B     14.  Holland  Reformed  of  Natal  M.  8. 


96         Outline  History  of  the  Church. 

of  Missions,"  though  twenty-three  years  old,  is  still  of  value; 
and  Dr.  R.  Grilndemann's  "Missions- Atlas"  (Gotha,  1871)  is 
almost  indispensable  for  its  maps  and  information  about  mis- 
sions. The  best  recent  papers,  from  any  source,  on  the  general 
subject  of  missions,  are  to  be  found  in  the  "  Proceedings  of  the 
Sixth  General  Conference  of  the  Evangelical  Alliance,"  (New 
York,  1874,)  pp.  583-650.  The  work  of  Rev.  Dr.  J.  M.  Reid, 
"  Missions  and  Missionary  Society  of  the  Methodist  Episco- 
pal Church,"  (New  York,  1879,)  two  volumes,  is  one  of  the 
most  important  contributions  made  by  any  author  to  the 
literature  of  missions.  For  the  Missionary  Maps  which  we 
here  use  we  are  indebted  to  the  courtesy  of  the  Messrs.  Har- 
per &  Brothers  for  permission  to  reduce  the  maps  which  they 
have  issued  in  their  "Dictionary  of  Religious  Knowledge," 
(New  York,  1875,)  edited  by  Rev.  Lyman  Abbott,  D.D. 


CHAPTER  VII. 

RELIGIOUS    STATISTICS   OP   THE   WORLD — A.  D.    1880. 
By  Prof.  A.  J.  SCHEM. 

The  tables  of  Religious  Statistics  published  in  the  former 
editions  of  the  Outline  of  Church  History  have  been  found  to 
need  so  many  emendations  and  fundamental  changes  that  the 
author  has  requested  Professor  A.  J.  Scliem  to  furnish  an  en- 
tirely new  series.  The  following  chapter,  therefore,  has  been 
prepared  by  him.  Professor  Schem  has  made  the  study  of  ec- 
clesiastical statistics  a  specialty ;  is  recognized,  both  in  Europe 
and  America,  as  the  leading  authority  on  this  intricate  and 
difficult  subject  :  and  has  laid  down  the  results  of  his  re- 
searches in  the  "American  Ecclesiastical  Year  Book,"  (New 
York,  I860;)  "The  American  Ecclesiastical  Almanac, "(1868;) 
"The  American  Ecclesiastical  and  Educational  Almanac," 
(1869;)  "Statistical  Tables,"  (fourth  edition,  April,  1876;) 
"The  National  American  Almanac,"  (1864;)  "The  American 
Year  Book  and  National  Register,"  (1869;)  the  successive 
volumes  of  the  "American  Annual  Cycloi)aedia,"  and  of  the 
"Methodist  Quarterly  Review,"  and  in  numerous  articles  Id 
other  religious  periodicals. 


Outline  History  of  the  Church. 


97 


I. 

GENERAL  CREEDS  OF  THE  WORLD. 

The  population  of  the  world  is  religiously  distributed  very  nearly 
in  the  following  proportions  : 


1.  Christianity 418,000,000 

2.  Buddhism 400,000,000 

3.  Mohammedanism 215,000,000 

4.  Brahmanlsm 175,000,000 


5.  Judaism 7,000,000 

6.  All  other  forms  of  relig- 

ious belief 174,000,000 


In  Europe,  America,  Australia,  and  most  of  the  Polynesian  Islands, 
Christianity  is  the  prevailing  creed  of  every  State.  In  Africa,  the 
independent  Christian  States  are  Abyssinia,  Liberia,  Madagascar,  and 
the  Orange  Free  State,  while  Cliristianity  also  prevails  in  the  Euro- 
pean colonies.  The  largest  empire  in  Asia — Russia — is  also  a  Chris- 
tian country.  India,  tiie  third  country  in  point  of  extent,  is  under 
the  rule  of  a  Christian  government,  and  so  is  a  large  portion  of  Far- 
ther India. 

The  Mohammedan  countries  in  Asia  are  Turkey,  Arabia,  Persia, 
Afghanistan,  Beloochistan,  and  the  Khanates  of  Central  Asia;  in 
Africa — Morocco,  the  dependencies  of  Turke}',  (Egypt,  Tunis,  Tripoli.) 
and  a  number  of  inferior  States.  But  none  of  the  Mohammedan 
countries  contains  so  large  a  Mohammedan  population  as  British  India, 
where  the  number  of  Mohammedans  amoiuit  to  47,000,000. 

Buddhism  is  the  prevail  ng  rehgion  in  Farther  India,  in  China,  and 
in  Japan.  In  China,  Buddhism  and  the  religion  of  the  Tao-sze  have 
to  a  large  extent  coalesced  v/ith  tiie  system  of  Confucius,  and  it  is, 
therefore,  said  that  these  three  religions  have  become  one.  An  accu- 
rate statistical  classification  of  the  religions  of  China  cannot,  con- 
sequently, be  made.  Tlie  Buddhists,  however,  have  the  largest  num- 
ber of  temples.  In  a  like  manner  Buddhism  and  Shintoism  have 
gradually  become  thoroughly  molded  togetlier  in  Japan.  Buddhism 
is  still  the  popular  religion  of  Japan,  but  of  late  tlie  government  has 
made  efforts  to  restore  the  predominance  of  Shintoism.  British  India 
ha?,  according  to  tlie  last  official  census,  about  9,300,000  Buddhists. 

Brahmanism  is  the  prevailing  religion  in  Britisli  India,  and  is  con- 
fined to  British  India,  and  the  islands  of  Bali  and  Lombok. 

Judaism  is  represented  throughout  the  civilized  world.  The  fol- 
lowing table  gives  the  number  of  Jews  in  the  different  countries  of 
the  world,  eith.er  as  given  in  an  official  census,  (marked  *,)  or,  where 
no  religious  census  is  taken,  according  to  careful  estimate: 


98         Outline  History  of  the  Church. 


STATISTICS   OF   JUDAISM. 


♦Austro-Hungary 1,375,900 

Belgium 3,000 

♦Denmark 4,200 

♦France 49,400 

♦Germany 521,600 

Great  Britain  and  Ireland . . .  46,000 

♦Greece 2,600 

♦Italy 35,400 

♦Netherlands 68,000 

Portugal. 3,000 

♦Roumania 400,000 

♦Russia  in  Europe,  (including 

Finland) 2,763,800 

♦Servla 2,000 


Spain 2,000 

♦Sweden  and  Norway 1,900 

Switzerland 7,000 

Turkey  in  Europe,  (including 
Roumelia,  Bulgaria,  Bos- 
nia, and  Herzegovina) 75,000 

Total  Europe 5,360,800 


Asiatic  Russia 38,000 

Asiatic  Turkey 52,000 

Asiatic  Eastern  Asia 500,000 

Total  Asia 590,000 


Total  Europe 5,360,800 

Total  Asia 590,000 

Total  AMca 600,000 

Total  America 500,000 

Australia  and  Polynesia 10,000 

Grand  Total 7,060,800 


II. 

GENERAL  STATISTICS  OP  CHRISTIANITY. 

It  is  common  to  divide  the  Christian  Churches  into  three  groups : 

1.  The  Roman  Catholic  Church. — This  Church  is  apparently  one  or- 
ganization, and  the  recognition  of  the  Pope  as  the  head  of  the  entire 
Church  is  an  article  of  faith.  The  so-called  Jansenisls  of  Holland, 
(about  5,000,)  and  the  Old  Catholics  of  Germany,  Switzerland,  Austria, 
Prance,  and  other  countries,  (about  200,000,)  claim  to  belong  to  the 
Roman  Catholic  Church,  but  are  not  recognized  by  the  Pope. 

2.  The  Eastern  or  Oriental  Churches. — Tliis  group  embraces  the  fol- 
lowing denominations :  The  Greek  Church,  the  Armenian  Church,  the 
Nestorians,  the  Jacobites,  the  Christians  of  St.  Thomas,  the  Copts, 
and  the  Abyssinians.  All  of  them  recognize  the  first  (Ecumenical 
Council  of  Nice,  and  have  bishops  for  whom  they  claim  an  apostolic 
succession. 

3.  The  Protestant  Churches. — All  the  Churches  not  belonging  to  c^ne 
of  the  two  preceding  groups  are  generally  comprised  under  the  col- 
lective name  of  Protestants.  There  are  parties  in  some  of  the  de- 
nominations classed  under  this  head  which  protest  against  the  appli- 
cation of  this  name  to  them.  A  laige  portion  of  the  Church  of  En- 
gland and  the  Protestant  Episcojjal  Church  of  tlie  United  States  would 


Outline  History  of  the  Church.  99 

prefer  to  be  classed  with  the  Churches  of  the  second  group  as  Epis- 
copal Cliurches,  rather  than  with  the  Churches  of  the  third  group. 
If  tlie  division  into  three  groups,  as  given  above,  is  accepted,  the 
population  connected  with  each  of  these  groups  may  be  estimated 
about  as  follows : 

Total  Population. 
CouNTKlKS.  (All  Creeds,  Christian       Protest-  Roman  Eastern 

and  Pagan.)  ants.  Catholics.  Churches. 

America 93,657,000  41,858,000  48,538,000  10,000 

Europe 312,398,000  75,911,000  152,382,000  70,880,000 

Asia 831,000,000  2,753,000  7,328,000  9,241,000 

AJrica 205,220,000  1,092,000  2,153,000  3,200,000 

Australia  and  Polynesia...  4,776,000  2,296,000  702,000      

Total 1,447,049,000     123,910,000     211,103,000    83,331,000 


III. 

SPECIAL  STATISTICS  OF  CHRISTIANITY. 
1.  America. 

ConNTaiKS.  Total  Protest-  Roman  Eastern 

^  Population.  ants.  Catholics.     Churches. 

United  States 46,321,000   38,621,000     6,500,000     10,000 

Mexico 9,276,000  10,000     9,260,000 

Central  American  Republics 2,462,000  2,000     2,460,000 

Columbia 3,050,000  10,000     2,940,000 

Venezuela 1,784,000  3,000     1,780,000         

Ecuador 1,066,000         946,000 

Peru 3,000,009  2,000     2,690,000 

Bolivia 2,000,000  2,000,000 

Cliili 2,334,000  20,000     2,270,000 

Brazil 11,108,000  50,000    10,000,000 

Argentine  Republic 1,812,000         20,000     1,720,000         ...! 

Paraguay 294,000         294,000 

Uruguay 440,000  3,000        435,000 

Hayti 550,000  10,000        540,000 

San  Domingo 250,000  1,000        249,000 

British  North  America— (Dominion  of 
Canada,  Newfoundland,  Bermudas, 

British  Honduras) 3,973,000     2,132,000     1,600,000 

Other  British  Possessions— (West  In- 
dies, Guiana,  Falkland  Islands)....  1,312,000 

Danish  Possessions 38,000 

French  Possessions 373,000 

Spanish  Possessions 2,080,000 

Dutch  Possessions 110,000 

Patagonia .' 24,(m 


900,000 

300,000 

13,000 

25,000 

3,000 

370,000 

2,000 

2,010,000 

56,000 

49,000 

Total.   93,657,000   41,858,000  48,538,000     10,000 


100 


Outline  History  of  the  Church. 


2.  Europe. 


States. 


Austro-Hungary  (including  Lichtenstein).. 

Belgium 

Denmark  (including  dependencies) 

France 

Germany 

Great  Britain  and  Ireland  (including  Malta, 

Gibraltar,  and  Heligoland) 

Greece  

Italy  (including  Monaco  and  San  Marino). . 

Netherlands  (including  Luxemburg) 

Portugal  (including  Azores) 

Roumania 

Russia  (including  Finland) 

Servia 

Spain  (including  Andorra) 

Sweden  and  Norway 

Switzerland 

Turkey,    (including  Roumelia,   Bulgaria, 

Bosnia,  and  Herzegovina) 


3,725,000 

20,000 

2,037',000 

592,000 

26,820,000 

27,654,000 


60,000 

2,406,000 

2,000 

14,000 

4,622,000 

1,000 

10,000 
6,289,000 
1,&49,000 

10,000 


Roman 

Catholics. 


Eastern 
Churches. 


28,975,000  3,200,000 

5,300,000  

2,000  

36,174,000  

15,371,000  


6,809,000  

12,000  1,442,000 

27,629,000  

1,644,000  

4,317,000  

120,000  4,800,000 

7,904,000  57,114,000 

5,000  1,637,000 

16,535,000  

1,000  

1,134,000  

320,000  3,107,000 

180,000  580,000 


Total 75,911,000    152,382,000    70,880,000 


3.  Asia. 


Turkey  

Persia 

China 

Japan  

Anam 

Burmah 

Siam 

British  Possessions  (including  Missions  in 

neighboring  countries) 

French  Possessions 

Spanish  Possessions 

Portuguese  Possessions 

Dutch  Possessions 


Total. 


4.  Africa. 
British  Possessions  (including  Missions  ic 

neighboring  native  States) 

French  Possessions 

Portuguese  Possessions 

Spanish  Possessions 

Egypt 

Abyssinia  (inc.  Mission  among  the  Gallas.) 

Liberia 

Morocco 


14,000 
10,000 

3,000 
50,000 

4,000 


2,000 


2,600,000 


170,000 


51,000 
260,000 

10,000 
483,000 

20,000 

480,000 

6,000 

25,000 

1,264,000 
300,000 

4,000,000 

350,000 

80,000 


5,941,000 

3,000,000 

50,000 


300,000 


2,753,000       7,328,000     9,241,000 


(00,000 

182,000 



10,000 

370,000 
1,204,000 

320,000 

2,000 

28,000 

200,000 

10,000 

3,000,000 

30,000 

1,000 

Outline  Histoky  of  the  Chukch.       101 


Statks. 

Tunis  and  Tripolis. 

Madagascar 

Orange  Free  State. 


Total - 


British  Possessions  2,781,000 

French  Possessions 

Spanish  Possessions 

Hawaii  Island 

Other  Islands 


Protest- 

Roman 

Ensfem 

ants. 

Catholics. 

18,000 

Church.^ 

300,000 

20,000 

50,000 

1,092,000 

2,153,000 

3,200,000 

DLYNESIA. 

Total 

Protest- 

Roman 

Population. 

ants. 

Catholics. 

2,781,000 

2,072,000 

617,000 

97,000 

18,000 

39,000 

36,000 

7,000 

57,000 

34,000 

23,000 

1,80.5,000 

172,000 

16,000 

Total. 


4,776,000       2,296,000        702,000 


IV. 


DENOMINATIONAL  STATISTICS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


Rerised  for  New  Edition  of  "  Outlii 


Denominations.  Members. 

Adventists 30,000 

"       Seventh  Day 14,141 

Baptists,  Regular 2,102,034 


of  Church  History." 

A.  Protestants.  (Adult  Members.) 

Denominations. 

Methodist  Colored  Church. . . 

"       Cong'l  &  Independ't 

"       Primitive 

"       Free 

"       American  Wesleyan 

Moravian 

New  Jerusalem  

Presbyterian  Church 

"  "    (South).. 


75,686 
40,000 

2,000 
40,000 
60,000 

7,446 
57,000 
40,000 
30,000 


"       Free  Will 

"       Other  Free 

"       Six  Principles 

"       Anti-Mission 

•'       German,  (Tunkers). 

"       Seventh  Day. 

Christian  Connection 

Christian  Union 

Church  of  God 

Congiegationalists   375,654 

Disciples,  (Campbellites) 350,000 

Evangelical  Association 107,732 

"        Synod  of  the  West.      40,000 

Friends 70,000 

Lutherans 694,426 

Mennonites 50,000 

M.  E.  Church,  (North) 1,696,837 

M.  E.  Church,  (South) 795,099 

Methodist  Protestant  Church.  113,405 
'•  African  Episcopal..  214,808 
"       African  Epis'l  Zion     190,900 

B.  Roman  Catholics. 
Total  Roman  Catholic  Population < 

Jews,  (Total  Population) ....    500,000  |  Mormons,  (Total  Population). 


"    United.. 

"  Cumberland. 

'•  Reformed  Synod, 

"  General  Synod. . . 

"  Ass.  Ref.  Syn.  of  South 
Protestant  Episcopal 

"  "    Reformed 

Reformed  Church,  (Dutch) . . 

"  "       (German). 

Shakers  

United  Brethren  in  Christ. . . 

Unitarians 

Universalists 


Members. 

112,300 

12,550 

3,210 

10,682 

25,000 

16,236 

19,000 

574,486 

116,755 

80,692 

104,974 

10,093 

5,700 

6,740 

324,995 

10,000 

80,288 

147,788 

6,000 

154,796 

30,905 

37,965 


Total 9,088,323 

,143,222 
90,00() 


INDEX. 


Adoptian  Controversy,  the Page  40 

Africa,  missions  in 84 

Alaric  plunders  Rome. .  31 

Albigenses,  the,  excommnnication  of.  45 
Alcuin,  teacher  of  Charlemagne,  birth 

of. 39 

Alexandria,  school  of,  Clement  at  the 

head  of  the. 23 

Alfred  the  Great,  birth  of 41 

reign  of 41 

Alliance  between  Charles  V.,  and  Pope 
Leo  X.,  for  suppression  of  Prot- 
estantism   55 

America,  Missions  in S5 

American  Church  History,  the  four 

periods  of 70 

American  Colonization,  religious  char- 
acter of 70 

its  freedom  from  State  Church- 
ism 70 

Anglo-Saxons,  conversion  of  the 39 

Anti-Roman  Catholicism,  increase  of 

amon?  Protestants 76 

Antoninus  Pius,  mild  reign  of 21 

Apologists,  list  of . , 16 

Aquinas,  Thomas,  teachings  of 4S 

Arcadins,  Emperor  in  the  East 31 

Arianism,  rise  of 2S 

decline  and  fall  of 30 

Armlnius,    James,    birth,  acts,    and 

death  of 57 

Ai-nold   of  Brescia,    protests  against 

papal  encro.achments 42,  45 

Aurelius,  Mmpcus,  persecutions  under  21 
Baptists — their  first  Church  organized 

at  Providence,  R.  1 73 

Bardesanes,  apostasy  of 22 

Basilides,  his  theory  of  cicaticn.    ...  15 
Bede,  translates  John's  Gospel  into 

Saxon 39 

death  of. 39 

Bible  Revision,  notice  of 78 

Buddhism,  where  prevalent 94 

Calamities,  public,  attributed  to  Chris- 
tians   21 

Canon  of  Scripture,  collection  of 16 

Carpocrates,  his  denial  of  Christ's  orig- 
inal purity 15 

Carthage,  Cliurch  of.  prominent, 23 

Cathari,  the,  Lateran  Councils  declare 

against 45 

Celsus,  notice  of 21 

Cerdori,  teaching  of 15 

Charlemagne,  reign  of. 40 

Chautauqua  S.  S.   Assembly,  origin 

and  aims  of 78 

Chilian,    preaching    of,   among    the 

Franks : 89 

Christ  Controversy  on  the  natuivsof.  81 
Christ,  premiliennial  cuiiiing  of 77 


Christianity  and   Paganism,  conflict 

between Pago  22 

Christianity  and  the  Empire. 29 

Christianity,  general  statistics  of 98 

Roman  Catholic,  Eastern,  Prot 

estant 38 

Christianity,  special  statistics  of 99 

denominational  statistics  of.. . . .   101 

Christianity,  toleration  of 23 

spread  of. 29 

Christianity,  where  prevalent 97 

Christians,  character  of  the  religious 

life  of 80 

Christians,  the  early,  life  and  worship 

of. 13 

Church  buildings   for  worship,  first 

traces  of. 22 

Church  Councils,  ordinary  ministers 

and  laymen  members  of. 24 

Church  Fathers,  tables  of,  to  Council 

of  Nice , 26 

Church,  the,  definition  of  the  term ...  11 
established  by  Christ  himself  ...  11 
history  of,  what  constitutes  the..  11 

increase  of. 11 

persecutions  of,  at  Jerusalem  ...  11 
spiritual  endowment  of,  at  Pen- 
tecost   11 

Clement  at  the  head  of  the  school  in 

Alexandria 23 

Clergy,  celibacy  of  the,  supported  by 

Jitstinian 32 

Columba  christianizes  the  Scots 32 

Congregational  Church,  origin  of 72 

Constantinople  captured  by  the  Turks  48 
Constantins,  Chiorus,   father  of  the 

Emperor 26 

Constantius,  Emperor 26 

reported  vision  of 26 

death  of 29 

Controversies  in  the  Church,  early  ex- 
istence of 14 

Cook,  Rev.  Joseph,  lectures  of,  noticed  79 
Councils  durinsr  the  fifteenth  century  49 
Creeds,   (general    religious)    of   the 

world 97 

Creeds,  the  Apostles'  and  Nicene 80 

Crimean  War,  the.  a  great  blunder...   61 

Crusades,  cause  of  the 43 

order  of  the  several 48 

benefits  of  the 44 

Cyprian,  religious  experience  of 80 

Decius,  Emperor,  severe  persecutions 

under 24 

death  of 24 

Deists,  English,  notice  of  leading 59 

authors  of  the,  replies  to 59 

Dort,  Syn»>d  of 57 

Easter,  controversy  re-pecting  time 

of  ket'i.ing 22 


Index. 


103 


EJastern  empire,  termination  of.  Page  48 
English  Church  history,  pre-Norman 

periods  of 41 

Europe,  missions  in 85 

Evangelical    Alliance,  the,  doctrinal 

basis  of 6T 

Evangelical  ti'uth,  attacks  on,  and  de- 
fense of 79 

Fabiann.s,  Bishop  of  Rome,  martyrdom 

of   24 

Fasts,  when  and  how  kept 13 

Felicitaa,  martyrdom  of 13 

Ferguson,  Rev.  F.,  trial  of,  for  skep- 
ticism    77 

France,  fraternal  letter  from,  to  Chris- 
tians in  Asia  Minor 22 

persecutions  in,  incidents  of. 22 

Fraternity,  increase  of  the  spirit  of, 

among  Protestant  Churches...  75 
Frencii  Revolution,  some  remote  re- 
sults of . .  61 

Gallieiiu.s,  Emperor,  protects  Chris- 
tians   25 

Gauls,  extensi  ve  conversion  of  the. . .  39 

Genseric  conquers  Rome 31 

German  Empire,  revival  of  the 69 

German  Reformed  Church,  organiza- 
tion of 73 

Gnosticism,  what 14 

Gordian,  Emperor,  peaceful  reign  of.   24 

Gospel,  the,  rapid  spread  of. 41 

zeal  in  promulgating 14 

Gregory  the  (Jreat,  popedom  of. 34 

Guelphs  and  Ghibelliiies,  struggle  be- 
tween the 42 

Heliogabalus,  Emperor 24 

Henry   IV.  of  Germany,  quarrel  of, 

with  Pope  Gregory  VII 42 

Heresies  and  sects  of  the  first  three 

centuries 27 

Hildebrand,    (Pope    Gregory    VII.,) 

reign  of 42 

Holy    Alliance,    form.ation    nf  a,  at 

Nun-mberg 55 

Honorius,  Emperor  in  the  West 31 

Huguenots,  persecution  of  the 57 

Huss,  John,  birth,  acts,  and  martyr- 

doni  of. 46 

Hussite  war,  the,  in  Bohemia,  cause  of  46 
Ignatius,  writings  and  martyrdom  of.  16 

Inquisition,  thi-.  begiiming  of 47 

Irving,  Edward,  sketch  of. 67 

iTA'ingites,  the,  sect  of 67 

Jerusalem,  the  destruction  of 13 

Jesuits,  the,  organization,  objects,  and 

creed  of 55 

Jewish  War.  the  beginning  of 13 

Jews,  how  scattered  and  classified. ..  94 

Jews,  mission  to  the 85 

John,  the  apostle,  banisliment  of,  to 

Patmos 13 

death  of. 13 

Jovian  succeeds  Julian 29 

Julian  the  Ajtostate,  coronation  of...  29 

Justinian  1.,  Emperor,  reign  of 32 

destroys  the  remnants  of  Pagan- 
ism....    32 


Leo  the  Great,  reign  of. Page  18 

Lord's  Supper,  the,  when  observed..  13 

Love-feasts,  when  celebrated 13 

Loyola,  Ignatius,  founds  the  Order  of 

Jesus 55 

Lydla,  conversion  of 21 

Lyons,  Council  of,  reduces  the  mendi- 
cant orders  to  four 47 

Lutheran  Church,  first  organization.  73 

Marcion,  belief  of 15 

Martyr,  Justin,  m.artyrdom  of 21 

Martyrs'  graves,  visitation  of 21 

Ma.ximinus,  Emperor,  inaugurates  a 

partial  persecution 24 

Mendicant  orders,  immense  growth  of  47 
reduced  by  the  Council  of  Lyons 

to  four 47 

Methodist  Episcopal  Church,  sketch 

of  the 74 

Middle  Ages,  beginning,  duration,  and 

chief  events  of  the  so-called 39 

Miller,  Rev.  Mr.,(Presb.  Church,)  sus- 
pension of 77 

Missionary  liteiature 86 

Missionary  Societies,  rise  of  the  great  81 

Missions,  early  P/otestant 80 

Missions,  Foreign — Dutch,  Danish, 

Romish 60 

Missions  in  Asia 82 

Missions,  increase  of  zeal  for,  during 

fifty  years  81 

large  increase  of  money  and  la- 
borers   81 

Missions,  some  results  of 82 

Mohammed,  birth  and  death  of o2 

Mohammedanism  present  position  of  3:i 
Mohammedanism,  where  prevalent. .  97 
Mohammedans,  power  of  the,  arrested 

byMartel ,32 

Monasticism,  rise  of 24 

great  increase  of 29 

Monastic  rules,  establishment  of 32 

Monothelite  Controversy,  the 39 

Montanists,  opinions  of  the 15 

Moravian  Church,  the,  formation  of. .  46 

Mystics,  the,  account  of 46 

Nantes,  Edict  of 57 

Neoplatonism.  what 23 

Nicene  Council,  the 28 

Norman  Conquest,  of  Ensland 42 

Old  Catholic  Church,  the 6S 

Ophites,  the,  notice  of 15 

Oi-dination  of  Bishops  White,  Provost, 

Grillith 72 

Origen,  head  of  school  at  Alexandria  23 
Pagans,  adherents  of  the  ancient  f.iith 

first  so  ciilled 29 

Papacy,  at  its  height,  in  1270 44 

great  schism  in,  1309-1377 48 

Papal       encro.aehments,       protested 

against  by  Arnold  of  Brescia..  42 

Papal  pretensions,  incre.ase  of, 41 

Paul,  first  m'ssionary  journey  of. 12 

second  missionary  journey  of.. . .  12 
third  mission.ary  journey  of. ,.    .   12 
his  arrest  at  Jerusalem,  and  ap- 
peal to  Ca;sar '2 


104 


Index. 


Paul  at  Mars'  If  ill Papre  12 

at  Corinth 12 

im  prison  men  t  of,  at  Cesarea,  and 

voyage  to  Kotne 12 

a  prisoner  at  Koine  two  years. .  .  12 
I'aul,  Heruiit  of  Tliehes,   withdraws 

to  the  deserts  of  Egypt 24 

Pelagianism,  teaciiingsof 31 

condemned 31 

Pel.'igius  opposed  by  Augustine 31 

Pepin,  King  of  the  Franks,  reign  of.  40 

Perpetua,  martyrdom  of 23 

Persecution  of  the  Church,  at  Jerusa- 
lem   11 

under  Nero 12 

under  Domitian 18 

under  Trajan 16 

under  Marcus  Aurelius 21 

under  Commodns 23 

under  Septimus  Severus 23 

under  Decius 24 

under  Diocletian 25 

Persecutions,  tables  of 26 

Pietism,  founded  by  Spener 59 

Polycarp,  martyrdom  of 21 

Pope,  Bishop  of  Home  beginning  to  be 

so  called 82 

Prttyer,  book  of,  published,  17S6 71 

Presbyterian  Ciiurch,  sketch  of  the..   74 

Priestly  aristocracy,  incre.ase  of 23 

Protestant  Church",  outlook  of  the 79 

Protestant   Episcopal   Church,   first 

convention  of. 71 

Prussia,  State  Church  of 67 

Purgatory,  doctrine  of,  taught  at  be- 
ginning of  fifth  century 30 

first  traces  of  doctrine  of. 24 

Puritan  pilgrims,  landing  of 72 

Puritans,  the  English,  views  of 56 

Katioiialism,  German,  definition  of.. .  61 

some  leaders  of 62 

Eatiourtlists,  authors  of  replies  to...   62 

Keformation,  causes  leading  to  the. . .  49 

Keformation,  tiie,  rapid  spread  of. . .     55 

the  English,  cause  and  results  of.  56 

Reformed  Church,  history  of 72 

lieformed  Episcopal  Church,  organ- 
ized 1873 72 

doctrinal  beliefs  of  the 72 

Reformers,  English,  some  leading 50 

Reformei-s,  German,  sketches  of  the . .  49 

Swiss,  sketches  of  the 50 

Revivals,  labors  of  Moody  and  Sankey  79 

Ritualism,  decisions  against 76 

Roman  Catholicism,  later  history  of.  6S 
lioman   Catholic  Church  in  America, 

sketch  of 75 

Roman  Emperors,  tables  of,  by  cent- 
uries  as 

Roman  See,  extension  of  the  power  of  30 

Rome,  Conquest  of,  by  Belisarius 32 

Rome,  Conquest  of,  by  Genseric 31 

Rome,  measures  of  defense  and  e.\ten- 

sion 58 

Rome,  plundered  by  Alaric 81 

Euric,  founding  of  Russian  monarchy 

by 41 


I  Sabellians,  the,  beliefs  of Page  25 

Saturniniis,  belief  of 15 

Savonarola,    Jerome,    influence    and 

martyrdom  of 46 

Saul  of  Tarsus,  conversion  of 11 

Schism,  till,  between  the  Eastern  and 

"  Western  Ch urches 41 

Schmalkaldic  War,  the,  termination  of  55 
Scholasticism,  rise  and  dogmas    )1  .  48 

Scotists,  who  and  what 43 

Scots,  the,  (Christianized  by  Columba  32 

Scotus,  Duns,  teachings  of. 48 

Scriptures,  Latin  translation  of  the, 

improved 80 

Sects,  heretical,  found  in  first  century 

of  Christian  era 14 

Judaizing 15 

See,  Rev.  Mr.,  (Presbyterian  Church,) 

trial  of 77 

Semler,  the  real  founder  of  German 

Rationalism CI 

Severus,  Alexander,  Emperor,  favors 

Christianity 24 

Singing,  choral,  introduced  by  Am- 
brose    30 

Smith,  Prof.  Robertson,  trial  of. 77 

Spener,  the  founder  of  Pietism 59 

Statistics,  missionary 86 

Stephen,  martyrdom  of 11 

Sunday-School  Conventions 77 

Swedenborg,  Emanuel,  notice  of. 59 

Tertullian,  head  of  the  Carthagenian 

Church   23 

Theodore,  Bishop  of  Rome,  assumes 

the  title  of  Sovereign  PontiflF. .  39 

Theodosius  the  Great 30 

death  of. 81 

Thirty  Years'  War,  the 58 

Thouiists,  who  and  what 48 

Iractarian    movement,   the,   in    En- 
gland    67 

Trent,  Council  of,  noticed 55 

Turkey,  Christians  in.     84 

Turks,  the,  capture  Constantinople, 

145:3 48 

Valentinus,  teaching  of 15 

Valentinian    1.,    universal    toleration 

under 29 

Valerian,  Emperor,  aims  to  destroy 

Christianity 25 

Virginiii,  Colony  of.  founded  1607 71 

Form  of  worship.  Church  of  En- 
gland    71 

Waldenses,  the,  origin,  doctrines,  and 

successes  of 45 

Wesley,  John,  sketch  of 60 

Western  Roman  Empire,  downfall  of.  82 
Westminster  Confession,  softening  of 

the,  by  Scotch  Church 77 

Wiclif,  John,  birth,  doings,  and  death 

of. 46 

Winfred,  preaching  of  in   Thuringia 

and  Hesse S9 

consecrated  Archbishop  of  Rome  39 
Willibrord,   preaches   to   the  Dutch 

and  Frisians 39 

Zinzendorf.  Count,  sketch  of 60 


Date  Due 


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BW913.H96 

Outline  of  church  history. 


1012  00081   0814 


